The Phenomenon Of Red Tide Environmental Sciences Essay

Red tide is a wonder that influences the H2O by colourising it reddish and do a perish of a marine being a direct result of expanding the CO2 in the H2O. Along these lines, in this paper we will talk the activity of reddish tide and the amount it influences the Mariness and human life. In addition, we will take a gander at some potential courses by they way we can chop down the impacts. At that point, we will focus on the bronzed tide wonders when it shows up in UAE coastlines, and how the UAE specialists responds on it. Presentation: There are numerous creatures which are populating in the marine environment and there are numerous occupations that can affect the creatures in the sea or ocean. One of these activity is rosy tide which brought about by infinitesimal Marine green growth. Algal sprouts may occur in new water each piece great as Marine environments.In general we can express that reddish tide happen all through the universe, and it affecting marine biological systems in numerous topographic focuses like Scandinavia, Japan, the Caribbean, Florida and South Pacific. Also, it is non ongoing occupation or issue in light of the fact that the primary clasp when researcher principal reported a bronzed tide in 1947 along Gulf of Florida. Be that as it may, comparative occasion show up in Florida since the mid 1800s. As an outcome, bronzed tide result in extremely enormous whole of loses around the universe by murdering the Marine being, makes infections human, and misfortune in financial sciences. In this way, we will focus on understanding the rosy tide occupation and its belongings thus proposes some potential answers for chop down its effect. In this way, what is the effect of the reddish tide and what are the approaches to chop down it?Definition of Red Tide:Microscopic Marine algae:Figure ocean shaded rosy by bronzed tide phenomenaPlanktonic creatures are the main source that makes the ocean H2O hued rosy ; they are living beings found on the outside of the ocean ( as the figure1 shows ) . Green growth is one kind of planktonic creatures which is acceptable start of supplement for other marine beings.There are harmful and non poisonous sorts of infinitesimal Marine green growth. Red tide is shows up when one kind of unsafe green growth or more than one sort are expansion in its figure out of nowhere. This kind of tiny Marine green growth is called Karenia brevis ( K. brevis ) and it can modify the shade of the H2O to red-earthy colored shading and deliver a harmful substances called breventoxin. This ( K. brevis ) green growth can turn quickly thus spread large nation of seaaa‚â ¬a„?s surface. In this way, the shade of the ocean will change to red shading so it called bronzed tide. However, some clasp ( K. brevis ) making sprout that cause sea to seem rosy or earthy colored and in other clasp the shading could be green, pale blue, violet yellow or orange and the H2O can even remain to be at its typical shading. Thus, these diverse shade of reddish tide is rely upon the kind of destructive algal sprout however the most widely recognized shading is red in this way, it called bronzed tide. The unsafe algal sprouts ( HABs ) , which are algal blossom occasions influencing poisonous or in any case hurtful phytoplankton, for example, dinoflagellates of the variety Alexandrium and Karenia. In add-on, the poisonous green growth which example red tide can be partitioned into three boss gatherings which contain around 300 kinds of smaller scale Marine green growth. The principal gathering can deliver poisons basic and speaks to 25 % of this kind of green growth and it influence on fish and peopleaa‚â ¬a„?s wellbeing. The second gathering can chop down the total of the O from the H2O that has red tide. The third gathering consolidates the two old groups.Algal blossom formation:Alimentary beginnings can play an of import work in affecting algal sprout development, since green growth will in general turn actually quickly under high nutritious handiness. In this way, when these stuffs like particularly P, additional C and nitrogen semen from rural soils to H2O that contains green growth help to an abrupt ascent in the figure of green growth and other plankton.But every alga is transient, and the outcome is a high grouping of dead natural undertaking which begins to break down thus algal blossom start Concentrated and saved on the external surface of the H2O, regardless of whether in the seas and oceans or waterways and its focuses may make 1000000s of cells per milliliter. In addition, unexpected and fast visual part of destructive algal blossom is resulting from beach front upwelling. Furthermore, this unsafe algal sprout ( HAB ) is makes negative effects different creatures since it can deliver characteristic toxins.Time of visual aspect:Red tide can take a gander at any clasp and on any long stretch of the twelvemonth yet well on the way to occur on August-November. In this way, some researcher said that it generally regular in summer and harvest time, however they have been accounted for in each period of the twelvemonth in various topographic focuses. Red tide can be shipped starting with one topographic point then onto the next and that can go on when it moved inshore or along shore by tide, air ebb and flow and flows. The rosy tide wonder experienced by the vast majority of the sea shores in the different sea zones which typically stay a furthest constraint of three yearss, however whenever discovered fit help, for example, factory, waste and sewerage thus they stay dynamic and will go increasingly irritated. We consider the wonder of rosy tides as a natural activity since it can moved via air ebb and flow and do numerous outer breath work for the individuals and there are numerous other awful effect for it on the marine creatures like it can deliver poisons which influence the sensory system in fish.The effect of Red Tide:First, the effect of reddish tide on marine beings:Fisherise is something of import to human since it furnish him with supplement vital forever and when you see the ( bronzed tide ) This broadening is an expansion of green growth and tiny fish in a gigantic measure and cumbersome as it helps increment the aggregate of the fish in the ocean and seas each piece great as marine creatures organized provender these Fungis. AS an outcome, lead to the perish and passage of large proportions of fish various types on the sea shore ; in this manner, there are three boss reason for that: Regular decimation: On account of the large figure of the green growth and microscopic fish on the H2O the gills of the fish cloge with marine tiny fish as an outcome, come up short on the capacity of fish to pull out O. Channel and O ingestion: At the point when the expansion of green growth and tiny fish are too much depleted supplement deficiencies, along these lines the fish and Marine creatures will expire and crumble and tunnel on sea shore what's more the figure of bacteriums will increment. Direct poisonous condition: Some green growth produce poisonous substances basic disengagement of the sensory system in fish, taking to them to expire and tunnel.Second, the effect of reddish tide on the Worlds:Diseases of the respiratory framework: This is produce by motivation homo to the mizzle of the ocean which is stacked with poisons discharged by green growth and microscopic fish and the indications are terminating esthesis in the olfactory organ and pharynx, Tingling in the lingua and lips, Besides they can be contaminated by asthma and unfavorably susceptible responses in the chest. Injury of the stomach related framework and supplement poisonous condition: Side effects is cleansing or ailment, fits and horrendous the runs and that is accomplished by eating fish that contain their natural structure on harmful green growth m Besides can tainted with human supplement poisonous condition by eating fish trapped in the clasp of bronzed tide for the substance of poisonous substances in their natural structures on the different manus the homo can be harmed through the ocean of poisonous green growth and microscopic fish and that for the states that depend on ocean H2O desalinization and straight presented to toxicant. Complete paralysis: That accomplished through human ingestion of shellfish and poisons that are focused inside do non disappear in the cookery causation sicknesses individuals may perish or persevere through different maladies. Illnesses and covering Burnss: Green growth and tiny fish emit a few secernments may do Burnss and fungous covering especially for sea shore departers.Wayss for cut bringing down the effect of the bronzed tide:Obviously, That Human exercises prompted the corruptness of the marine environment.thus prompted numerous amendss to him and different creatures. In this way, it ‘s clasp to bring genuine activities to chop down the damage of bronzed tides through a portion of the focuses which help to improve of the rosy tide: 1 aa‚â ¬ † Work on the utilization of the Torahs which controlling the constitution of tourer resorts. 2-Wastewater intercession and Subtractions buying in a comprehension between the states that neglecting on a similar beach to sort out among them. 3-Experience and trade data so as non to affect the piscaries. 4-Spread cognizance among residents and anglers through the media. 5-Continuous groundwork for laborers in the fish cultivates, and using the advanced techniques in sustenance. 6-Establishment the subsequent plans on the brief times of clasp. 7-Punishment tosses the misuse of rural and mechanical in the ocean and try to use the lower furthest reaches of compost. 8-Spray earth over the nations that show the microscopic fish or green growth that cause rosy tide.Red Tide in the UAE:Figure 2.Red tide caused the perish of 1200 dozenss of fishRed tide causes a few occupations along the UAE coastlines. People groups who lived in beach front nations experienced a major total of fish expires and caused an awful scents. In late of 2008, rosy tide wonder has been visited the UAE beaches. In add-on, insights shows that the reddish tide caused the perishes of 1200 dozenss of fish in August 2008 ( as the figure2 shows ) . The looks into that have been finished by the Ministry of Environment and Water in some H2O tests taken from various nations shows that there are eight types of green growth causes the wonder of reddish tide. These species incorporated a few sorts that are harmful to angles. As a result, it caused the expires of enormous proportions of fish and scavangers on the shores of the east beach. Orchestrating to Dr. Salem Aldahri-the supervisor of natural government authority-said that the outcome of the synthetic investigation affirms expanding of phosphate salts focus and Nitrate in

Theories of development are important Essay

A scholar is an individual who creates or accepts a thought wherein to clarify something, including what, how and why. Hypotheses are improvement through perceptions, breaking down and tries. Speculations of improvement are significant in light of the fact that they help us to comprehend children’s conduct, to assist us with understanding the grouping that kids and youngsters create. Scholars affecting current practice. Psychological turn of events. A Swiss scientist and therapist jean piaget (1896-1980) is eminent for building an exceptionally persuasive model of youngster advancement and learning. He recommended that kids create subjective abilities through mental â€Å"maps†, plans and system ideas for comprehension and reacting to physical encounters inside his or hers condition. Piagets hypothesis recognizes four improvements arranges these four phases are, sensorimotor stage 0-2 years, preoperational stage 2-7 years, solid tasks 7-11 years, formal activities 11-15 years. Teachers must arrangement exercises that are formatively fitting as indicated by the educational program which extends the student’s sensible and reasonable development. Another scholar that bolsters intellectual improvement is Vygotsky. He accepts that kids learn and comprehend through others around them, for example, loved ones. He accepted that kids need difficulties and instructing encounters set for them to assist them with creating in all zones and to assist them with reaching their maximum capacity. Psychoanalytical turn of events. Sigmund freud (1856-1939) another scholar accepted that there are 3 sections to every kid and youthful person’s character. He accepted that there are; the ID, the personality and the super self image. He accepted that these 3 sections aren’t consistently there from when the kid is conceived however create with the kid as they develop. He said that they are diverse through specific elements and conduct between each extraordinary kid, Humanist. Abraham maslow (1908-1970) took a gander at people groups inspiration in the 1940’s. He accepted that individuals expected to meet their key needs before they could meet their latent capacity or self-actualisation. He accepted that on the off chance that they were not met, at that point they would turn into a lack in the individual. This connects to rehearse in light of the fact that we have to address the issues of the kids for, warmth, care, appetite and condition that they are giving and what they do to meet the children’s needs. Social learning. Social learning scholars accept that we learn through watching others. Albert bandura brought into the world 1925 accepts that we learn through ‘imitation’. Eric Erikson (1902-1994) accepted that a youngster and a youthful person’s character will change for a mind-blowing duration, because of social turn of events and encounters. This connects to rehearse as nursery specialists are advised to be acceptable good examples to the youngsters. This is on the grounds that they watch us and ‘copy’ or ‘imitate’ activities that we may make. Operant molding. The hypothesis of operant molding depends on gaining from the results or fortification because of a sort of conduct. B.F skinner (1904-1990) is perceived as a key figure for building up the behaviorist way to deal with learning and building up the hypothesis for operant molding. He accepted that we learn through our encounters in the earth and the outcomes to our conduct. Skinner isolated the succession of activities into three gatherings; 1; positive strengthens 2; negative fortifies 3; punishers. The positive reinforcers are what make us rehash activities or conduct when we get something we want. Skinner recommended that the uplifting feedback was the best method of empowering new learning, for example, getting consideration from grown-ups, accepting applause and getting rewards. The negative reinforcers is a conduct that additionally makes us rehash activities or conduct, however not bad yet in an approach to prevent something awful occurring from something great. For instance youngsters may figure out how to clutch the step rail when strolling down the steps to consistent them self as opposed to wanting to sit on their base and knock down them. The ‘punisher’ is what is going to prevent individuals from rehashing conduct, for example, checking the temperature of the shower water before getting in it, subsequent to consuming yourself since you didn’t check. Skinner likewise inquired about sudden positive reinforcers. This is when kids demonstrate negative conduct to get consideration from grown-ups. He demonstrated that indicating progressively visit encouraging feedback was the most flourishing approach to assist youngsters with finding out about satisfactory conduct. This connects to rehearse on the grounds that we prize and commendation youngsters for indicating positive conduct. Nursery experts frequently state ‘well done’ to kids as a method of lauding them for demonstrating positive conduct than their negative conduct. We additionally attempt to concentrate more on children’s positive conduct as opposed to their negative conduct, this is on the grounds that they in the end discover that their great conduct is more seen and applauded than their awful conduct. This demonstrates skinners hypothesis. Behaviorist. The behaviorist hypotheses recommend that learning is impacted by remunerations, disciplines and natural elements. ‘conditioning’ is regularly utilized by behaviorists since we learn with a specific goal in mind due to past encounters that show us not to accomplish something or to accomplish something. Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) was a physiologist who was contemplating hounds. While doing this he perceived that the mutts began to salivate before their food had been put down for them. He reached the resolution that they were doing this since they figured out how to relate the appearance of the food with different things, for example, the sound of strides and the dishes or containers. He did and investigation to take a gander at this all the more intently. He utilized a ringer since hounds don't salivate when hearing a chime. The mutts in the long run started to connect the chime with been taken care of. He at that point rang the ringer continually and in the end the mutts start to quit salivating lastly didn't respond to the sound of the chime. Behaviorists utilize the term annihilation when this occurs. John b.watson (1878-1958 Took up pavlovs work and exhibited that kids and grown-ups can be traditionally adapted. In a trial he made a fear of rodents in a young man known as meager Albert. In our training we don't analysis or utilize old style molding, despite the fact that we may remember it among the kids for instance, kids may become energized when they see bowls or a plate been brought into the room, they may connect this with food being given to them after this occurs. Another model would be that toward the day's end all the youngsters put their jackets on they at that point may foresee home time since they partner putting their jackets on with their folks showing up to take them home. It is additionally valuable to recall that old style molding can identify with children’s fears. Social instructional method. Social teaching method is the all encompassing and insightful method of working. The point of this is to improve the existence possibilities and social results of infants and kids, in this way we should work with one another just as the kids to locate the most ideal method of improving these results. The hypotheses of improvement that have been indicated help childcare laborers set up system and training for the kids. It likewise causes us to comprehend why infants, youngsters and youngsters do things the manner in which they do. End. This shows scholars have helped us reached resolutions for why we do things the manner in which we do just as how we learn through our encounters. It likewise assists with understanding these speculations so we can give better mind and information in the childcare setting. Assignment c. presentation pack for another staff part. At the mother goose pre-school we screen each child’s improvement we do this by utilizing the learning venture. In the children’s learning venture we have â€Å"early learning goals† for every particular age gathering, to give us rules or the â€Å"norm† advancement for each phase of their time at the setting. We likewise do perceptions on the youngsters to show which stage they are at, at the time on the early learning objectives. Before any perceptions happen on the kids, authorization must be given from the parent/carer, this is additionally useful as we can impart discoveries to the child’s parent/carer and they can impart discoveries to ourselves. If we somehow managed to do perceptions on a kid without assent from their parent/carer then they may feel furious and irritated as they may not comprehend this is typical practice and help us to support the kids. Evaluation strategies. Here are two instances of appraisal techniques we use to screen a child’s advancement; agenda/tick outline and a free portrayal with a depiction picture. An agenda and tick graph perception is a diagram with specific exercises composed on and the youngster is seen to check whether they can arrive at the achievements set by the child’s age. These perceptions are typically occurred when organized exercises are set up for the kids to do and are based over a more drawn out timeframe, however are occurred less every now and again to show the advancement in the children’s improvement. The upside of utilizing this perception is that you can watch more than each kid in turn and they are snappy and simple to utilize. The impediment of this is seeing at various occasions may deliver various outcomes and that it just shows what the youngster can and can't do, not how sure and upbeat they are to endeavor assignments and participate. A free portrayal with a depiction picture is to show aptitudes that youngsters appear or are seen doing. A depiction of what you see is composed into a little perception sheet and put the child’s learning venture close to the image of them doing as such. These perceptions are utilized habitually to show what mil

Two Pulsar Discoveries

Two Pulsar Discoveries In 1965, Jocelyn Bell arrived at Cambridge University to earn her Ph.D. Two years later, she found herself working with four other people to string up 120 miles of wire and cable and set up over 1000 posts: they built a radio telescope that could fit 57 tennis courts. Bell was put in charge of operating the telescope, and collecting data. Bear in mind that you cant just stick your eye into a radio telescope; nowadays, astronomers see using digital electronics magic, but back in 1967 Bell was stuck using a pen chart recorder. It spat out a hundred feet of paper per day, which she analyzed by hand, because she was (and is) a beast. A few months after first light, Bell noticed some strange noise. Most of us think of noise as unwanted sound in astronomy, its the same thing, except were dealing with light waves instead of sound waves. Noise is signal from sources a) here on Earth, that interfere with whats coming at us from space, or b) out in space, that arent what were intending to look at . Basically, its extraneous, hard to get rid of, and the most annoying thing ever. Its why the area around the Green Bank radio telescope in West Virginia (where my data is collected) is a National Dark Zone: no electronics equipment allowed. No spark plugs. If you want to drive up close, you have to use a car that runs on diesel. There are some old school machines out there. Fortunately for the scientific community, Jocelyn Bell paid special attention to the noise that she saw, instead of discarding it. She paid attention because the noise took a strange form: little pulses, spaced precisely one and a third seconds apart. She told her supervisor, and they figured that something so regular had to be man-made. Since it had to be man-made, it had to be coming from Earth. Something from Earth was interfering with the signal. Great. Then Bell noticed that, every day, the whole pulsing sequence was delayed by four minutes. Delayed by four minutes every day is a familiar expression to astronomers. One day, to us on Earth, is defined as the time it takes for the Sun to reappear in the same place in the sky. As Earth rotates, its also traveling in orbit around the Sun, which causes the Sun to take four minutes longer each day to reappear in that same place. So, our day is actually one full Earth rotation, plus a little bit extra. Essentially, the fact that Bells noise was getting delayed by four minutes every day meant that it wasnt coming from Earth: it was coming from the stars. From space. Those little blips up top are the noise that Bell saw.   So. We have a regular signal, which is surely artificial, coming from space. Naturally, this means: ALIENS! The source was named LGM-1: Little Green Men 1. Right. You probably realize by now that if this post was about the 1967 discovery of extraterrestrial intelligence, it would be old news to you. This post is NOT, in fact, about aliens: Bells noise turned out to mark the discovery of pulsars. A pulsar is the tiny (~12km radius) super-dense spinning remnant of a star that has gone supernova; because of its magnetic field (its basically a spherical spinning bar magnet) it emits a narrow beam of radiation. As it spins, the beam flashes past Earth, exactly like a lighthouse, which is why we only receive little signal blips, and why it appears to pulse. Since 1967, the search has been on for more pulsars. There are currently about 1600 pulsars known, 34 of which live in a globular cluster called Terzan 5. Im particularly attached to Terzan 5, because its home to the pulsars that I do my research on. Finding a pulsar is not easy, for a few reasons. For one, pulsars are tiny: city-sized, or smaller. For another, their signal is very VERY weak compared to most of our other radio sources. If we just pointed a telescope up at the sky and looked at the data, the pulsars signal would be there somewhere, but it would be buried underneath noise and other ickiness. To deal with this, we use a technique called folding. I think its pretty ingenious, so bear with me for a couple of paragraphs and a couple of pictures (or skip to the end of the post, if you want to get straight to the punchline.) Raw data looks something like this: Basically, you have some signal that varies over time. This looks like garbage theres no obvious pulsar signal in that image. There might be one hidden, there might not be. How do we draw it out?  Imagine that we could somehow guess the pulsars period (the length of time between pulses). Imagine that we knew it was 1 second. We could mark up the piece of paper like this: Because the pulse appears EXACTLY once a second, and weve marked up the paper into second-long chunks, we know that the signal must appear exactly once in each chunk. Not just that it must appear in exactly the same place in each chunk. Now, we take a pair of scissors to the data, slice it up along the red dotted lines, and stack the sections on top of each other in other words, we fold it. The signal from all those stacked slices is added up. Because the pulsar signal appears at exactly the same position in each slice, the total signal gets stronger and stronger as you add up more and more slices. Other stuff, like noise and interference, probably doesnt appear at exactly the same place in every second-long data slice: it doesnt add up. It cancels itself out, maybe, or averages out to a much lower value. The pulsars signal, though, shines through, and we get something like this: Bam. Pulsar. Of course, our data nowadays doesnt come on a long strip of paper. If I took a pair of scissors to my data and tried to stack it up by hand, I wouldnt finish in my lifetime (and theres other stuff Id rather be doing, to be honest.) I deal with terabytes of data, and get big computer clusters to fold it for me. When it finishes, I take a look at the result of the stacking the sum of all the signal and see whether Ive found a pulsar. This is the kind of plot I look at: Look closely, and youll see that the image is made up of lots of tiny white, grey, and black squares. One row of those little squares corresponds to one slice of paper: what you get after you cut up the whole strip. The whole column is the sum of all those slices of paper weve stacked them, exactly like in the paper analogy.  The pulse profile at the top is the sum of all the pulses. Below is a plot ofalmost exactly the same thing. Before you go on to read my explanation of what it is, try to figure it out. Its an eclipsing binary pulsar! Basically, the pulsar is in a binary system with a star (usually a white dwarf), and periodically gets eclipsed by its companion. Its cool when what you see perfectly matches what you would predict. So, now you know how to find a pulsar. In practice, its a little more complicated than this there are other factors like dispersion and rotation of the EM beam that I didnt go into. What I just described is the essential part, though. And now, for another story of pulsar discovery: As a side project (Ill describe my main project in another post) Ive been doing some pulsar searching. This takes a completely different form from what J. Bell was doing. Basically, I run a bunch of Python scripts in the terminal, and check the plots they spit out to see whether Ive found a pulsar. My supervisor has a bunch of new, high-quality data, so I have a lot to search through. It takes a long time to do the folding, because (like I mentioned earlier) were dealing with ridiculous amounts of data. So, one night during my second week of work, I set up a bunch of folds to run overnight, and went home. I got into the office in the morning, eager to see the results and saw a bunch of error messages on my screen. Some Unix stuff that was gibberish to me. NOOOOOOOOOOOOOO!!!! I sent an e-mail to my supervisor, explaining that something had gone wrong (although I wasnt really sure what) and that I would re-run the folds that day. In the meantime, all sad and disheartened, I restarted the folds. About half an hour later, my supervisor walked into the room, beaming at me. Supervisor: Hey- Me: AHHHHHHHHH I CANT BELIEVE IT CRASHED! IM SO HEARTBROKEN! Supervisor: I- Me: I THINK IT RAN OUT OF PROCESSING SPACE IT SAID IT WAS OUT OF MEMORY Supervisor: Well,- Me: DONT WORRY I STARTED IT AGAIN HOPEFULLY ITLL BE READY SOON Supervisor: All the files are there. Me: IT MIGHT TAKE ANOTHER FEW HO-what? Supervisor: The process finished. The files are there. Me: WHAT? Supervisor: Yup! I checked. Theyre all there. Me: I-what? Why did it say it ran out of memory? Supervisor: It just wasnt able to actually load the images. Me: Oh! Sweet. Wait. WAIT. That means the files are on there??? Supervisor: Yup! (Part of the problem was that it put the files in a place I didnt expect.) My hands were shaking so hard that I messed up the command line over and over again (my supervisor was, fortunately, very patient) and then it appeared! The Plot. This plot: The signal isnt as obvious as in the sample plots I showed youbut its there. Two dark lines running down the time/phase block, and the clear pulse profile. A new pulsar, that no one has ever seen before. His name is Terzan5aj,  and if *actually* confirmed (he has very likely status we have to find him in some other observations in order to be 100% sure), he will be the 35th and faintest pulsar ever found in Terzan 5. That, plus the fact that he probably has significant scintillation going on (hes brighter at some times than othersbasically, he twinkles through the intergalactic medium, like a star) is why he escaped notice before. There is now a picture of him (more specifically, four graphs of his behaviour) on my wall. I should mention that this discovery has very little to do with me, in the sense that all I did was run a bunch of Python scripts on brand new fancy shmancy data collected by my supervisor. But still. I was the first person to ever see that pulsar. And for MILLENNIA after Im gone, hell still be spinning at 700 times per second. And thats pretty cool.

Should NCAA athletes be paid - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1665 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/10/10 Category Statistics Essay Tags: Should College Athletes Be Paid Essay Did you like this example? Introduction I would like to begin by saying I really appreciate what you are doing with the NCAA and how the viewership has enlarged greatly in the last decade. You have done a great job at publicizing the athletics. but we both can agree that there is a huge problem concerning the issue that is being discussed right now of Should Collegiate Athletes be Paid? You know, as well as anyone, athletes at this point in time cannot be paid in any form relating to their athletic abilities. One of the key ideas that will be present is what is an amateur? An amateur is someone who is working without any pay. Amateurs is what is the one word that keeps you and the NCAA away from paying athletes. Although paying college athletes may result in schools having to field less athletic teams to pay athletes, there are alternatives like instead of giving each player a salary, the schools are able to give students cash incentives for their accomplishments in their sport. Also athletes should be able to make profits for their jersey sales and publicity because their publicity is helping the viewership of the NCAA as a whole because if a kid at a young age sees this really good basketball player they will watch him. So, although collegiate athletes are considered amateurs through the NCAA, they should be able to be paid because they are made into a product and use so much time throughout their season to excel in their sport. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Should NCAA athletes be paid?" essay for you Create order Logos Paragraph I, one of the 8.6 million people who watched March Madness, it amazes me how much money you made off of signing a 10.8 billion dollar contract with CBS sports, but none of that money comes back to the athletes(Tracy). It seems immoral to have a multi-billion dollar product that does not give to the students, or product, who have done all of this hard work to get shut down. That does not even cover how much money you make off of ticket sales during the tournament. The NCAA makes roughly 900 million from March Madness, which makes up about 90% of its annual revenue. 220 million of that is divided to the 68 teams conferences which make the tournament. If the team only plays one game the conference makes 1.7 million dollars over the next six years, and if the team makes it to the final game, the conference makes 8.3 million (Parker). This is a lot of money that goes to the colleges, but that questions why cant any of that money come back to the players? So, for example, if the Big 12 sen t five teams to the NCAA tournament they could be making 8.5 million dollars over the next six years, which none of that comes back to the students. Of May 2012 the total between basketball and football television rights conferences have big dollar television contracts. Like the Pac 12 who has a 3 billion dollar, 12 year deal with ESPN and FOX(Santa Clara University). Which it keeps building up how much money the Big 5 conferences have in there system. The Bahy-Dole Act of 1980 requires that students receive a share of royalties for their inventions, which questions why cant athletes be compensated for their royalties if they are the ones making billions of dollars for the conferences and the NCAA(Santa Clara University) CLAIM #2 I think the more you compensate athletes it will help the success of your product. You are keeping all of this money away from athletes and just recently the G-League started a one and done deal with athletes, where if they were going to be a one and done athlete they could play in the G-League and be making up to 125 thousand dollars over the course of the year(Boone). This is bad for the product you are presenting because of how many viewers you get from some of the best athletes in the world, you may lose them. For example, if the players on the Duke Basketball team, for example Zion Williamson and R.J. Barrett, decided to compete in the G-League then it will take away thousands of viewers wanting to watch Duke. Itrs funny to me you say that paying the athletes will take away from other athletic teams, but because of that you will be losing some of the greatest athletes in the world. Whenever I watch a collegiate sport I see some of the athletes and how hard they compete just beca use that is who they are as a person, but you could get all athletes to compete like that if they are competing for incentives. It would be a whole different sport where you would be getting games that would be fun to see for the viewer. It would get more viewers for the collegiate sports and more money for the NCAA. CLAIM #3 As a student-athlete I understand what you are trying to protect these students from because they are amateurs, but in my mind they are far from amateurs. I see all of these athletes being publicized, which was my dream at a young age. Now looking at it they get so much criticism for being athletes and have to go through that without being compensated in any ways. They are being branded by sports networks, but they dont get to be compensated for their actions. For example you see Zion Williamson on Sportscenters top plays every other day because of another dunk he did, but he is known for being super athletic but he gets publicised without being paid. This is immoral in a sense because of how hard the student-athletes work, but dont get paid. Opposition #1 There is no doubt that athletes are not professionals, but they make money for the college and increase the collegers publicities based on their athletic abilities. As said above amateurs are your leading reason why college athletes arent getting paid. Although these athletes excel in their sport and some of them are most likely going to be making money playing their sport, but their are athletes within the sport that use so much time that are not quite fortunate enough to make it into a draft, but they spent so much time preparing and could not make any money off of that. That is like working a job 20 hours a week and only getting paid for living expenses like food and housing. It only makes sense if you can give them something to work for. Opposition #2 Another reason that paying college athletes could be troubling is that the colleges may have to start fielding less athletic teams, but I see advancements that are being made throughout time that could lead to endorsements being added for the athletes. Just after the O Bannon v. NCAA case there was one point that stuck with me which was OBannon seeing himself in a video game, but he does not get paid for being publicised in the video game. He was astonished by how he paid for the video game, but did not get paid for being in it. And fifteen years later they are still making money off of his image(PBS News Hour). It doesnt seem fair to all of the athletes who are being made into a product where they dont make a profit. We need to start by giving players the opportunities for incentives that the school would earn in the first place. For example they should be able to be compensated for achievements they would make during the season from making it to an NCAA tournament or being awarded all-conference first team. Not only would this keep athletes in the NCAA because they would be getting compensated for what they are doing, but it will not affect the problem of having to eliminate other collegiate teams because the colleges are already being compensated for their athletic abilities, why not give a small portion of that to the athletes who are the reason that the school is making all of this money. Just by the school making the NCAA tournament they earn their own conference a projected 1.67 million even if the team does not even win a single game, while a round of 16 appearance is up to 5 million, and a final four experience earns the team 8.3 million for the conference, so it seems feasible for the te am to be able to be compensated for their performance (Hobson). Because you have so much power on this topic in this topic of issue you can be the person to spark change. This is what you will be remembered by, how you were the one to save athletes from not being able to be compensated for their hard work for the school. After you allow collegiate athletes to be compensated for their achievements in their sport you can then you and the NCAA can begin to think about whether you would like to actually give the athletes a salary where they are able to get paid on a consistent basis, which I think will be something that should be happening in the far future where athletes can work for an actual salary. This will be a very hard thing to control, so thatrs why the NCAA should not allow this kind of payment until later in the future because of how big of a change that would be for the NCAA. But once there is enough money within the schools that they can start compensating athletes that they can do it for all of the athletic teams then you can keep students away from going to having professional contracts like the G-League for the NCAA started doing just recently. You can start publicising and help the viewership of college athletes. Closure: Thank you for taking your time to read my letter on my reasoning why you should start to pay collegiate athletes. I hope you will take a stance on the issue, and I would love a response if you could get back to me as soon as you can.

The For Marketing Project Management Training Programmes...

These five regions are based on the regions of Auckland (dark blue coloured segment), Waikato (black segment), Wellington (yellow segment), Canterbury (red segment), and Otago (light blue) (SANZAR, 2012). This segmentation assumes that all consumers in each area have similar needs, and is therefore best applied with another type of segmentation. †¢ Demographic Segmentation. Possible demographic segmentation of NZ for marketing project management training programmes might conventionally be by age, ethnicity, household composition, income or gender. However, a report by Otago University Lifestyles’ Research Group published last year proposes seven demographic segmentations based on the following lifestyles (University of Otago, n.d.): 1. Progressives represent 20% of the NZ population, are well educated, mainly female, community focused, and particularly concerned about environment and social issues. 2. 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Citizens of Karachi Free Essays

ALI REHAN (O5461) BLOODSHED EVERY WHERE, BLOOD IS ALL AROUND IS THE BLOOD INVISIBLE? WHY AREN’T WE REACTING? Citizens of Karachi are witnessing probably the worst of the times this city has ever gone through. Despite the horrible circumstances prevailing in the city, it is difficult to mention even a single act of public retaliation strongly condemning it in rightful manner. Have the citizens silently approved all that is happening and learned to live with it? If not, then why don’t we hear a call to end this? Since when have these people turned so passive, why don’t they react? A little deeper look into it will show that people do react. We will write a custom essay sample on Citizens of Karachi or any similar topic only for you Order Now Reaction should be a source of damage control, but here, unfortunately, the way people react makes it a cause of worsening situation. Blood isn’t invisible, we see what is happening, and we hear who is crying, we know that next may be us, fear is all around, we feel helpless! The fear that surrounds us and state of being directionless has turned us into passive retaliators who do no harm the people who instill fear, instead, retaliate, but to our own harm. Burning our own city during protests is commonly seen. It is very unfortunate that citizens of Karachi-for most of the times-act as part of problem. Almost every instance of protest for a ‘right cause’ ends up in ‘wrong ways’. People have stopped trusting each other. A citizen of Karachi cannot imagine trusting strangers. And for a Karachiite, stranger is every person who is not his/her family member, with exception of a few close friends (rarely). DON’T AGREE Try answering this. How many people (outside your immediate family) , can you entrust with RS 1 lac and get the amount back when demanded? Security guards have become a need, we don’t feel secure. People have left enjoying the way they did in past (there is a reducing trend observed amongst the number of people visiting cinemas, amusement parks, and domestic tourism). A financially well-off person avoids enjoying luxuries he/she can easily afford from the fear of becoming one of the victims of crime. There are hundreds of people who avoid purchasing expensive cars, motorcycles, cell phones etc , as they know that in a city like ‘Karachi’ , those (police) entrusted with duty to guard your possessions-can make you penniless! Here, criminals have free hands to operate and strong links to escape punishment. It is important to look at how the reactions varies with the social class people belong to. Upper Class that is financially well of, employs security guards, lives in safe areas, and waits for the first opportunity to emigrate†¦this class has isolated itself from the problems faced by common people. They worry a lot, but face a little. With every penny of their possessions ‘insured’, there is nothing they would loose. Middle Class employs all its resources to educate itself, and those who succeed, aim to fly abroad at given opportunity (dream is US, CANADA, UK, and MIDDLE EAST). They are the people with maximum potentials. It is always the middle class that plays the most active role in bringing revolutions. Lower Class (which is the largest of all),cannot educate, cannot move abroad, and has limited opportunities to grow, feels insecure. And as a way out—joins the strongest militant group and participates in increasing violence in the city. This is how violence is reciprocated with further violence. How will this cycle stop..? There is no end to the cycle until those with resources (upper class and middle class) aren’t concerned with solving the issue. There is no end to bloodshed until citizens stop complaining and start challenging the authorities whose interests this killing serves. There is no end to killing until a leader emerges to guide efforts of masses in a right direction. There is no end to killing until we learn how to react . How long does it take for a citizen of Pakistan to get a bad news to hear? The country has blood flowing all around. Here people die for reasons, and people die for no reasons. The short-tempered spice loving citizens of Pakistan are habitual of relaxing themselves employing ways that are not only futile when it comes to resolving their issues, instead, they create further worse issues for others to face can hardly recall any public protest that served its purpose without having caused destruction to state property and public assets. A call to strike means that lacs of people who are daily wage earners will have a day to worry for their need expenditures. People blame and react on suspicions. Our present is full of incidences of political target killings throughout the country and though it has been going on for a long time-our government intelligentsia has delivered a complete failure in figuring out how to stop it. Now let us wait for an angel to visit them and whisper in their ears â€Å"you need to control supply of arms and killings would stop. † Another wrong way of reaction is displayed by media in our country-it over reacts. In an effort to sell their story and attract maximum viewership, electronic media channels sensationalize stories to extent of their creativity and capability. Television channels rarely consider the impact that their news transmission is likely to cast. Hours long broadcast of a single act of terrorism only serves the purpose of terrorist groups as terrorist want their projection to spread fear and media help them achieve their desired objective. How will this be corrected? All the problems that have been created by us need to be fixed by us. At many instances, we are part of problem and at numerous others, our silence over a problem signals that we are ready to live with it. Following examples may seem harsh, but they are a true reflection of reality. We are mentally prepared before sending our children to school, college, university that security of our child is not guaranteed and we would accept any mishap as undeniable/inevitable fate. We may sooner or later get to hear news of our close relatives’ death in a bombast, street crime incident or target killing attack and our lives may also end one day in much the similar way. As there is no single problem, there is no single solution. Each one of us will have to consider what lies in his/her sphere of influence, and try to correct that boldly. Courage will have to be demonstrated and sacrifices need to be made. Words do not count, it is our actions that matter. A great quotation of HAZRAT ALI is â€Å"the maximum limit of cruelty is determined by the tolerance level of the oppressed† . We need to be intolerant towards wrongs and challenge it bravely. Nothing would change until we learn to react and react in right manner. How to cite Citizens of Karachi, Papers

The Courage To Stand Alone Essays - Fiction, Literature, Film

The Courage To Stand Alone The Courage to Stand Alone In the 1950's, Reginald Rose penned his masterpiece, 12 Angry Men. This play introduces us to twelve men of various statures. All of these men are part of the jury who will decide the fate of a young man, who has been accused of murdering his father. At first glance of the testimonies of the witnesses in the trial, the reader, or audience, would probably agree with the norm of the jury on the guilt of the young man. If it weren't for one character in this play, juror No. 8, the deliberations of this trial would have been non-existent. At the end of this story, another juror, No. 3, states his nearly impenetrable opinion, nearly causing a hung jury. After reading or watching this play, the audience has some insight into the fact that despite how unfavourable a persons opinion may be, it is the courage to hold ones ground - sometimes with no other support but from him/herself - that must be recognized as a virtue. This story starts off in the courtroom with the jurors making their way to the deliberation room to talk about and vote on the fate of the accused. A vote is cast to see where they stand with one another on their opinions. The men have various reasons for voting the ways they do. Take, for example, who No. 7 says, ?This better be fast. I've got tickets to The Seven Year Itch tonight? , or No. 2 who is ?a meek, hesitant man who finds it difficult to maintain any opinions of his own. Easily swayed and usually adopts the opinion of the last person to whom he has spoken?, and No. 3 whose son won't talk to him anymore because of his father's bitterness against young people. Some of the other men on the jury believe that ?you can't believe a word [people from the slums] say?, and since the boy is from the slums, they don't believe his testimony. It is only juror No. 8 who came into the jurors room with a non-bias attitude and who left his personal baggage at the door. He believes that ?may be we owe him a few words?, but the others believe that they ?don't owe him a thing?. The evidence against the accused convinces all the jurors of the boys guilt, except for juror No. 8. The evidence that has convinced the rest of the jurors soon gets analyzed by juror No. 8, which causes the others think twice about their verdict. The reason why juror No. 8 went into such detail about all of the evidence is because ?[He] had a peculiar feeling about this trial. Somehow [he] felt that the defense never really conducted a thorough cross-examination. [He] mean[s], [the defense lawyer] was appointed by the court to defend the boy. He hardly seemed interested. Too many questions were left unasked.? There were three pieces of evidence that the prosecution brought up, which each on its own, could have probably convinced a jury of the boy's guilt: the obscure knife, and the two witnesses: the old man , the neighbour downstairs, and the woman, the neighbour from across the street. All of these key pieces of evidence were looked over in the jurors room. Nobody but juror No. 8 saw the flaws with each. Take, for example, the rare switch-knife - which we find out to be not-so-rare - that the boy had bought from a local corner store. ?The storekeeper identified it and said it was the only one of its kind he had in stock.? This testimony had convinced eleven of the jurors until juror No. 8 ?swiftly flicks open the blade of a switch-knife and jams it into the table next to the first one (knife). They are exactly alike.? After this incident, another juror sided with juror No. 8. Next, the old man's and the woman from across the street's testimonies gets put to their tests. Like juror No. 3 said, ?[T]he old man heard the kill yell, ?I'm gonna kill you.' A second later he heard the father's body falling, and he saw the boy running out of the house

Essay on Education and Kwame

Essay on Education and Kwame Essay on Education and Kwame It is stricking how two people can react the same without even knowing. My brother Kwame, and I though are of different sex but one cannot miss the fact that we are siblings if you really know us. For examples we are both religious and prayerful. We both like to cook and have the same health risks, we all chip our teeth and snore when when sleeping. Despite our similarities, though we are of the same blood, we are differerent in personalities, appearance and education. Firstly, it is shocking how people from the same blood and genetic material look difference . For instance my brother is tall about six foot and five inch, and broad shouldered whiles am about five foot and one inch. I'm petite and slim and weight about one hundred and twenty pounds but my brother weight like two hundred and eighty pounds. Our height and weight is not only differences we have in apperance but facial shapes also. My brother Kwame has oblong face shape (thats roughly resembles a triangle with a round corners). I have a round face shape with wide cheekbones and a tapering jaw and forehead. Kwame has a deep set of eyes, which creates prominent brow bone but I have monolid eyes which are flat on the surface and brow bones less defined. I have a full lips whiles Kwame has a thin lips. Though we were raised by the same people, but have entirely different personalities Kwame my brother, is friendly and easy with people, whiles iam stiff, thats quiet reserved but the melancholic type. Iam calm, loyal and organised. My most valued things are the family and I values loyalty and the lives the traditional way of life, dose practise the stay home mom and take care of the kids. Kwame on the other hand is ambicious and persistent. He followed hia dream and work hard. Kwame though outgoing, also makes sure his time is portioned

To Go Haywire

To Go Haywire To Go Haywire To Go Haywire By Maeve Maddox A reader asks, What does the expression â€Å"to go haywire† mean? Applied to a system or contraption of any kind, â€Å"to go haywire† means â€Å"to go wrong.† Applied to a person, â€Å"to go haywire† means â€Å"to become mentally distracted.† Here are some examples of idiomatic usage: My new companys server went haywire right after I moved everything. After a couple of years of sewing on  my new Singer, something went haywire. [They got along] except for that time when  she went haywire  and tried to kill  him. I loved Harlan and treated him right, but somewhere  he went haywire. Haywire, also called â€Å"baling wire,† is thin wire used to bind bales of hay or straw. At least it used to be. The last bale of hay I bought from Lowe’s was bound with plastic strips. However, I once bought some chicken wire that was held together with short lengths of thin wire. When I managed to untwist the bits of wire holding the roll together, it sprang apart, jabbing me with a hundred pointy ends. The experience was similar to that described by H. L. Mencken in regard to haywire: No one who has ever opened a bale of hay with a hatchet and had the leaping wire whirl about him and its sharp ends poniard him, will ever have any doubt how â€Å"to go haywire† originated.- The American Language, Supplement 1 (1946). According to a writer at WorldwideWords, haywire was â€Å"the duct tape of its era.† It was used to repair hinges, mend fence holes, and replace lost or worn-out machine connections. Haywire was used in contexts other than farming. A footnote in a history of the Bohemian Lumber Company (1985) explains that â€Å"some loggers and millmen would sometimes wire their machinery in place with baling wire to keep it running, sans parts.† In the 1900s, the expression â€Å"hay-wire operation† referred to a shoddy, poorly equipped logging business. A line called a haywire plays an important (and dangerous) part in retrieving felled logs. In 2012 an inexperienced logger in Washington State was killed by a haywire during cable logging operations in Lewis County. A glossary of hobo terms defines â€Å"a haywire outfit† as â€Å"something that is all tied and patched together,† a term similar to â€Å"jerry-rigged.† The most common uses of â€Å"to go haywire† are those that refer to something that has stopped working properly or to someone who has become emotionally distraught. Related post: Jury-rigged vs Jerry-rigged Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Probable vs. Possible

Russia culture 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Russia culture 1 - Essay Example They mostly operate an autocratic management style whereby the leader has more power than committees. Their mode of communication in business is very formal. Russia has many ethnic groups, and each individual group has their form of music. Therefore, the culture has diverse music. Their traditional music was mainly ritual folk songs and the holy music of the Orthodox Church (Rickman, Mead, and Gorer 65). In the 19th century, they developed their music and were the founders of classical music. Their music has developed over time and has been characterized with improvement in use of musical instruments The Russians believe in respect for the old people and that failure to obey them results in misfortunes. The formal greetings for males are bone-crushing handshakes, and a soft handshake implies that one is unhappy. Eye contact is valued since it is a sign of honesty between the communicating parties. Women and girls kiss three times or can hug one another. Gift giving is highly appreciated, and it is a taboo to visit other people and fail to take to them gifts or presents. The Russians are very superstitious. They believe in the evil look and do not want unknown people commenting good things about their property. They believe that carrying empty buckets or cans is a sign of bad omen. They also believe that touching their money makes it unprofitable. Russians value wedding so much and the finances to be spent are only limited to the financial ability of the families. To them, it is a big occasion and would lead to lasting enmity if a person ruined that day. The wedding dress is hidden from the male and is supposed to be a surprise to him. The value of the wedding ring defines the amount of love that the bride has for the groom (Rickman, Mead, and Gorer 85). After death, Russians wash the body and dresses it into expensive clothes. The death of the elderly is very sorrowful, and they are treated with respect on

EMPLOYMENT LAW(EQUAL PAY LAWS-ARE THE ADEQUATE Essay

EMPLOYMENT LAW(EQUAL PAY LAWS-ARE THE ADEQUATE - Essay Example It would be necessary to consider each aspect individually in order to arrive at the correct results regarding the effectiveness of relevant legislatures and laws on the overall parity between genders in the context of UK employment scenario. What is necessary to consider in this paper is its scope, in that it is to examine whether the laws monitoring a more just and equitable wage distribution system between genders, absence of bias and discrimination in wage rate fixation systems among the genders and also the impact of work performance. The simple and logical rule is that both men and women need to be paid equally for performing the same kind and output of work, and there should be no bias or discrimination in wage rate fixation based on their gender and not performance. Further, the onus would fall upon the employers to prove that differentials in wage scales were due to other important and significant considerations other then gender. When men and women are performing the same kind of work, and following the same criteria for its performance, it is necessary that they be rewarded on similar quantitative basis, to avoid disparity and bias in wage payment systems. Again, if differentials persist, it would be incumbent upon the part of the employers to state and prove the reasons for such differences were due to material reasons other than the choice of gender discrimination. For instance it could be due to better technical knowledge, greater output and superior quality of performance, etc. It is proposed to examine these laws and directives in order to reach a consensus on the effectiveness of wage equality laws. Moreover, another important aspect that needs to be considered in this context could be that laws need to be operationalised and properly implemented in order to be of some consequence. Besides, constant monitoring and follow up action also needs to be made in order to be of some

Effect of Social Isolation Depression on Cognitive Decline

Effect of Social Isolation Depression on Cognitive Decline There is a lot of literature investigating how lifestyle factors are associated with protecting cognitive decline in old age. The influence of lifestyle factors on cognitive ageing is of much interest as it is within an individual’s power to change their lifestyle given the knowledge of how it affects their cognition. By identifying what lifestyle factors are related to poorer cognitive function in older adults, individuals can take the necessary interventions to steer themselves on to the right path towards maintaining cognition throughout their lifespan and therefore ensure a better well-being and quality of life. Social factors include many aspects, such as social activities, social networks, social support, living situation and marital status (Hertzog et al., 2009). However this essay focuses on social isolation and loneliness. Depression is commonly included in studies with social isolation and loneliness and therefore is also considered. There is empirical evidence to su ggest that both social isolation/loneliness and depression are related to level of cognition in old age, and this association will be discussed. How social relationships are conceptualised is important as individuals may have a large social network and an active social lifestyle, but few close friends who they feel they can rely on. Considering there are many different ways of conceptualising social lifestyle, researchers need to ensure that their measurement does assess the factor it is supposed to. This is also true for measuring cognitive ability. Including specific domains instead of, or as well as, one general cognitive assessment is favoured in the literature as it allows researchers to examine whether the predictor variables have an influence on cognitive functioning as a whole, or if it only affects certain domains of cognition. DiNapoli et al. (2014) measured global cognition and four specific domains by assessing performance on 6 tasks. However, they warn readers to be cautious of the findings within the domains as some were based on one task and others were based on two, so there is a lack of consistency within the cognitive measurement. This study investigated the effect of social isolation on cognitive function in older adults. The researchers suggest that social isolation is combined of two dimensions: social disconnectedness and perceived isolation and so these were included in the study as secondary predictors. The Lubben Social Network scale-6 (LSNS-6) was used to measure the three social predictors. Social disconnectedness was measured by 2 items from the scale; perceived isolation was measured using 4, and social isolation was the score of all 6. They were all found to have significant effects on global cognitive performance and on the four domains. Perceived isolation was found to affect cognition almost twice as much as social disconnectedness did. This suggests that while having more social relationships is important for maintaining cognition, how we personally feel about our relationships is more important. However, Cronbach’s alpha was considered when determining internal consistency of the LSNS-6 and social disconnectedness was not suggested to be a reliable measurement. This may be because Cronbach’s alpha is affected by the number of items included and social disconnectedness was only measured by 2 items. Because of this, the researchers warn readers to treat the association of social disconnectedness and cognition with caution, although it is unlikely that the result was hugely affected by this as it is consistent with previous findings. This study is a good example of how social factors can be conceptualised in different ways. Social isolation is considered in this study as a combination of social disconnectedness and perceived isolation, whereas others consider social isolation and disconnectedness to be the same thing, and perceived isolation to be something separate. Cornwell Waite (2009) refer to social isolation/disconnectedness as a lack of interaction with others, infrequent participation in social activities and a small social network. Loneliness, on the other hand, refers to perceived isolation and perceived disconnectedness from others, meaning it is about the dissatisfaction with social relationships, intimacy or support, rather than the physical absence of them. It could therefore be argued that there was not a need to measure social isolation as a combination of disconnectedness and perceived isolation, and instead these two factors should have been measured more extensively as separate entities. Depression was included as a covariate. Although it significantly correlated with poorer cognitive performance it was not found to be significant in any of the main regression analyses and therefore was only briefly mentioned. The study included a very specific sample of Appalachian community-dwelling elders, presumably because of the â€Å"isolated† stereotype associated with Appalachia (Hsiung, 2015), although the study does not discuss this. The results therefore may not represent the overall elderly population. As well as ensuring adults were aged 70 or above and from West Virginia, they also had to have at least four natural teeth in order to participate but it is not explained why. Wilson et al. (2007) focused on the effect of loneliness on cognition in old age. As it was a longitudinal study, some participants were lost but a total of 823 older adults were included in the final analysis. Cognitive ability was measured at baseline and at each follow-up. However, there was a discrepancy in the study as some participants were followed-up five times and others only twice, meaning that those who were assessed more may have performed better due to having more familiarity with the tests. Loneliness was measured using a modified version of the de Jong-Gierveld Loneliness scale. The original scale was made up of two components: emotional loneliness and social loneliness. Emotional loneliness is considered the lack of a close intimate relationship such as a partner or a best friend and social loneliness is considered as the lack of a social network or group of friends (De Jong Gierveld Tillburg, 2006). However this study only measured emotional loneliness. Two other minor changes were made but it was still found to be a valid and reliable measurement. Social isolation was also measured using standard questions assessing network size and frequency of social activity. Loneliness was related to cognitive ability at baseline on each cognitive measure, and also to more decline over time in global cognition and in three of the five domains. The longitudinal design allowed researchers to not only observe the effect of loneliness at one point in time but also examine the inter action between loneliness and time and how they affect cognition together. Participants were all free of dementia at the beginning of the study but over the four years 76 participants developed signs of dementia that met the criteria for Alzheimer Disease (AD). It was found that lonely individuals were 2.1 times more likely to develop AD than those who were not lonely. Social network was not related to incidence of AD but perceived loneliness was which suggests that the quality of relationships is more important than the quantity for developing AD. Depressive symptoms were also assessed with a 10-item version of the Centre for Epidemiological Studies – Depression (CES-D) scale. 1 item asked about loneliness and was analysed separately from the remaining 9. This 1 question about loneliness showed a stronger relationship with development of AD than depression did when it was measured using the remaining 9 items. This suggests that loneliness affects cognition more than depression does. When loneliness was analysed with the risk of developing AD, but de pression was controlled for, there was a modest reduction in the association showing that loneliness is partly determined by depressive symptoms. However, when depression and AD were analysed controlling for loneliness, there was a much larger reduction of association, suggesting that loneliness may be an important aspect of the relation between AD and depression. The researchers explored the possibility of reverse causation, which means that loneliness is a consequence of cognition decline instead of it being a cause or contributing factor. They were able to do this as they carried out a post-mortem examination of the brain in the participants who passed away in order to quantify AD pathology and cerebral infarctions. These were not found to have an association with loneliness and therefore do not support the possibility of reverse causation. However this is a very complicated subject and more research is needed. The more likely explanation suggested is that loneliness has a negative effect on the neural systems underlying cognition which is why lonelier individuals experienced more cognitive decline. Luanaigh et al. (2011) also investigated the effect of loneliness, specifically on different domains, in elders free of dementia. A doctor and a researcher visited the participants’ homes to assess them. This could be viewed as a strength of the study as it meant participants would feel more comfortable in their own homes, especially since they have willingly agreed to this, compared to having to travel to an unfamiliar environment, which could also cause fatigue. The Mini Mental State Examination was included as a way of measuring global cognition which is a very brief cognitive test. A detailed psychometric test, much like those used to measure the several domains, would have been better. The measurement of loneliness contained only one question: â€Å"do you feel lonely?† Although there were four possible answers to this question, it could be argued that one item is not enough for adequate measurement. On the other hand, it could also be argued that asking the direct question if an individual feels lonely is an accurate and sufficient measure of loneliness. Those who answered ‘sometimes’ and ‘often’ were grouped together in the ‘lonely’ group, and those who answered ‘rarely’ and ‘never’ were grouped in the ‘not lonely’ group. This meant that the severity of loneliness was not considered. Overall, loneliness was found to be significantly associated with global cognition even when depression and social networks were controlled for. The two domains most strongly associated with loneliness were processing speed, which is consistent within the research, and delayed visual memory, which is a new finding and therefore requires more research. Just like the problems of conceptualising social isolation, there are also problems with conceptualising depression. There are many severities of depression, which Dillon et al. (2014) explores. 118 depressed older adults and 40 healthy controls were matched on age and education. One problem with this is that for every 12 depressed participants there are only 5 controls. There were four subtypes of depression: Major Depression Disorder; Dysthymia Disorder; Subsyndromal Depression Disorder; and Depression due to (mild Alzheimer) dementia. Those who had moderate-severe dementia were excluded from the study. Global cognitive performance was worse for the depressed group than the controls suggesting that depression is associated with poorer cognitive functioning in old age. All four sub-types showed impairments with memory, however this could be due to the fact that they were recruited from a memory clinic, meaning it is a biased sample as they all had memory complaints. Aside from memory, the subtypes all showed impairments with different domains. This illustrates the importance of measuring both global cognitive function and specific domains, and also of looking at different subtypes of depression instead of only depressive symptoms. Overall, the research shows that depression and social isolation/loneliness in old age are related to poorer cognitive functioning. It is suggested that how individuals perceive their social relationships is more important than number of relationships when it comes to cognition. Therefore interventions should focus on perceived support and loneliness. As the studies are of observational design, the direction of the relationship is unclear. It is not possible to say that depression or loneliness cause cognitive decline as they could in fact be consequences of the decline. The relationship between depression and loneliness is also complicated as one could influence the other. As mentioned in one study, a depression scale asked about loneliness and therefore researchers need to ensure their measurements are valid. Longitudinal studies are able to look at level of decline over time but cross-sectional studies are not, and therefore more longitudinal research would be useful to understand how the period and severity of depression and loneliness affect how cognition changes with time. Word count Title = 10 Essay = 2000 References Cornwell, E. Y. Waite, L. J. (2009). Social Disconnectedness, Perceived Isolation, and Health among Older Adults. Journal of Health and Social Behaviour, 50(1), 31-48. doi: 10.1177/002214650905000103 De Jong Gierveld, J. Van Tillburg, T. (2006). A 6-Item Scale for Overall, Emotional, and Social Loneliness: Confirmatory Tests of Survey Data. Research of Aging, 28(5), 582-598. doi: 10.1177/0164027506289723 Dillon, C., Tartaglini, M. F., Stefani, D., Salgado, D., Taragano, F. E., Allegit, R. F. (2014). Geriatric depression and its relation with cognitive impairment and dementia. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 59(2), 450-456. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2014.04.006 DiNapoli, E. A., Wu, B., Scogin, F. (2014). Social Isolation and Cognitive Function in Appalachian Older Adults. Research on Aging, 36(2), 161-179. doi: 10.1177/0164027512470704 Hertzog, C., Kramer, A. F., Wilson, R. S., Lindenberger, U. (2009). Enrichment Effects on Adult Cognitive Development. Can the Functional Capacity of Older Adults Be Preserved and Enhanced? A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 9(1), 1-65. Hsiung, D. C. (2015). Two Worlds in the Tennessee Mountains: Exploring the Origins of Appalachian Stereotypes. Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. Luanaigh, C. O., Connell, H. O., Chin, A. V., Hamilton, F., Coen, R., Walsh, C., Walsh, J. B., Caokley, D., Cunningham, C., Lawlor, B. A. (2011). Loneliness and cognition in older people: The Dublin Healthy Ageing study. Aging and Mental Health, 16(3), 347-352. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2011.628977 Wilson, R. S., Krueger, K. R., Arnold, S. E., Schneider, J. A., Kelly, J. F., Barnes, L. L., Tang, Y., Bennett, D. A. (2007). Loneliness and Risk of Alzheimer Disease. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(2), 234-240. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.64.2.234 1

Fast Food in Malaysia Essay

Restaurants have been around in some form for most of human civilization. But they usually catered to travelers. As far back as ancient Greece and Rome, inns and taverns generally served food to people who had a reason to be away from home. This trend continued until relatively recently. Although taverns and coffee houses were popular places to gather and share beverages in the 17th century, the idea of eating out for fun didn’t take off in Western society until the late 18th century. Although McDonald’s was the first restaurant to use the assembly-line system, some people think of White Castle as the first fast-food chain. White Castle was founded in 1921 in Wichita, Kansas. At the time, most people considered the burgers sold at fairs, circuses, lunch counters and carts to be low-quality. Many people thought hamburger came from slaughterhouse scraps and spoiled meat. White Castle’s founders decided to change the public’s perception of hamburgers. They built their restaurants so that customers could see the food being prepared. They painted the buildings white and even chose a name that suggested cleanliness. White Castle was most popular in the American East and Midwest, but its success helped give hamburger meat a better reputation nationwide. So, like cars, White Castle played an important part in the development of fast food. Image courtesy Brands of the World The McDonald brothers opened their redesigned restaurant in 1948, and several fast-food chains that exist today opened soon after. Burger King and Taco Bell got their start in the 1950s, and Wendy’s opened in 1969. Some chains, like Carl’s Jr. , KFC and Jack in the Box, existed before the Speedee Service System, but modified their cooking techniques after its debut. McDonald’s, which started it all, is now the world’s largest fast-food chain. According to the National Restaurant Association, American sales of fast food totaled $163. 5 billion in 2005 [ref]. The industry is growing globally as well. Total sales for McDonald’s grew 5. percent in 2005, and the company now has 30,000 franchised stores in more than 120 countries [ref and ref]. However, McDonald’s – and fast food in general – does not always get a welcoming reception around the world. McDonald’s restaurants have been attacked in several countries, including the United States, China, Belgium, Holland, India, Russia, Sweden and the U. K. Protestors have accused McDonald’s and other chains of selling unhealthy food, marketing aggressively to children and undermining local values and culture.

Essay about Gender differences and autobiographical memories

Autobiographical memory is essentially a system that contains episodic memories from individuals’ lives, autobiographical memory is what makes each and every one of us different to another, and essentially what forms the self, connecting us to others, history and the future. â€Å"Autobiographical memories from the mundane to the profound, help form the self, they provide personal historical context or personal biography for who we are now: they are in essence a ‘database’ of the self.†(Conway, A and Holmes, E, 2005, p228) There has been research conducted into gender differences within autobiographical memories and although not fully understood it has become an apparent theme, that female participants provide more detailed, richer†¦show more content†¦This like many other studies supports the idea that vivid memories are related to a higher level of emotion or arousal within the participant and therefore more easily accessible, by showing a picture rather than a verbal cue participants display a higher level of connection to the cue. Research conducted by Popovski, M and Bates, G.W (2005) again concerned with the links between gender differences and recall within autobiographical memory, the difference within this study is that participants were scaled on the Depression and anxiety scale from a questionnaire completed and then categorised into dysphoric or non-dysphoric groups to see if more detailed or general responses were provided to a set of positive, neutral and negative cue words. Research here was being conducted to see if particular genders, genetics or childhood experiences are more susceptible to depression. Hypothesis here being tested was to see if patients with depressive and dysphoric symptoms had issues accessing autobiographical memories and whether it would be possible to determine between the two groups. It was suggested that patients who scored high on the scale for depressive symptoms would provide more general descriptions from autobiographical memory when relating to feelings. 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When the participantRead MoreCharacteristics, Gender, And Class Affected907 Words   |  4 PagesI. Problem and Its Characteristics, Gender, and Class Affected Demographic patterns across the globe are changing, and older people constitute a growing proportion of the population. Although many older adults enjoy well-being and satisfaction in later years, some experience psychiatric and mental health difficulties. A topic of particular significance to professionals working with older adults, both Veteran and non-Veteran, is the understanding, assessment, and treatment of posttraumatic stressRead MoreThe Human Brain : A Strong Association Between Age Change And The Decline Of Cognition1711 Words   |  7 Pagesto measure the effects of a short-term (4 weeks) memory training course administered by an expert. The results from this training on healthy seniors will provide a basis for future applications dealing with Alzheimer’s impaired seniors. Studies to date have generally used two specific measures, episodic memory and executive functioning (Nouchi et al., 2014) (Weinberg, L., Hasni, A., Shinohara, M., Duarte, A., 2014) (Brown, 2009). Episodic memory and Executive functioning are important and measurableRead MoreThe Struggle for Power in The Yellow Wallpaper, Daddy, and Editha2112 Words   |  9 PagesYellow Wallpaper† (written in 1890, published in 1892), is a semi-autobiographical piece that, although believed to be a result of her severe postpartum depression, illustrates the difficulties faced by women during the Women’s Movement. These difficulties are further illustrated by the similarly semi-autobiographical poem, based on Plath’s father and husband, â€Å"Daddy† by Sylvia Plath (written in 1962, published in 1965). These gender roles are then reversed in â€Å"Editha,† (written in 1898, published

Definition and Examples of Anastrophe in Rhetoric

Anastrophe is a  rhetorical term for the inversion of conventional word order. Adjective: anastrophic. Related to transferred epithet and also known as  hyperbaton, transcensio, transgressio, and tresspasser, the term derives from Greek and meaning turning upside down. Anastrophe is most commonly used to emphasize one or more of the words that have been reversed. Richard Lanham notes that Quintilian would confine anastrophe to a transposition of two words only, a pattern Puttenham mocks with In my years lusty, many a deed doughty did I (A Handlist of Rhetorical Terms, 1991). Examples and Observations of  Anastrophe Ready are you? What know you of ready? For eight hundred years have I trained Jedi. My own counsel will I keep on who is to be trained. . . . This one a long time have I watched. . . . Never his mind on where he was. (Yoda in Star Wars: Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back, 1980)Sure I am of this, that you have only to endure to conquer. (Winston Churchill, address delivered at the Guildhall, London, September 14, 1914)Gracious she was. By gracious I mean full of graces. . . .Intelligent she was not. In fact, she veered in the opposite direction.(Max Shulman, The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis. Doubleday, 1951)Clear, placid Leman! thy contrasted lakeWith the wild world I dwelt in.(Lord Byron, Childe Harold)From the Land of Sky Blue Waters,From the land of pines lofty balsams,Comes the beer refreshing,Hamms the beer refreshing.(Jingle for Hamms Beer, with lyrics by Nelle Richmond Eberhart)Talent, Mr. Micawber has; capital, Mr. Micawber has not. (Charles Dickens, David Copperfield, 1848)Cori e Bratter: Six days does not a week make.Paul Bratter: What does that mean?Corie Bratter: I dont know!(Jane Fonda and Robert Redford in Barefoot in the Park, 1967) Timestyle and New Yorker Style A ghastly ghoul prowled around a cemetery not far from Paris. Into family chapels went he, robbery of the dead intent upon. (Foreign News Notes, Time magazine, June 2, 1924)Backward ran sentences until reels the mind. . . . Where it all will end, knows God! (Wolcott Gibbs, from a parody of Time magazine. The New Yorker, 1936)Today almost forgotten is Timestyle, overheated method of newswriting by which, in Roaring Twenties, Turbulent Thirties, Time sought to put mark on language of Shakespeare, Milton. Featured in adjective-studded Timestyle were inverted syntax (verbs first, nouns later), capitalized compound epithets (Cinemactor Clark Gable, Radiorator H. V. Kaltenborn), astounding neologisms (rescued from Asiatic obscurity were Tycoon, Pundit Mogul, oft-used still by newshawks, newshens), sometime omission of definite, indefinite articles, ditto final ands in series except when replaced by ampersands. Utterly unlike Timestyle was New Yorker style. Relied latter heavily then, reli es it still on grammatical fanaticism, abhorrence of indirection, insistence on comma before final and in series. Short, snappy were Time’s paragraphs. Long, languid were The New Yorker’s. (Hendrik Hertzberg, Luce vs. Ross. The New Yorker, Feb. 21, 2000) Emphatic Word Order Anastrophe often is used to add emphasis. Consider a comic example. In a Dilbert cartoon strip published on March 5, 1998, the pointy-haired boss announces that he will begin using the chaos theory of management. Dilberts co-worker Wally replies, And this will be different how? Normally, we would place the interrogative  adverb how at the beginning of the sentence (as in How would this be different?). By deviating from the normal word order, Wally places extra emphasis on the question of difference. Wallys extra emphasis suggests that the new theory will not dramatically change the bosss behavior. (James Jasinski, Sourcebook of Rhetoric. Sage, 2001) Anastrophe in Films Anastrophe is an unusual arrangement, an inversion of what is logical or normal, in literature of the words of a sentence, in film of the image, in angle, in focus, and in lighting. It comprises all forms of technical distortion. It is clearly a figure to be used rarely, and it is not always certain if it has the effect intended. . . .[I]n the Ballad of a Soldier (Grigori Chukhrai), one of two signalmen is killed, and the other runs, pursued by a German tank. In a down air shot, the camera pans with tank and man, and at one point the scene turns, placing the ground up, the sky bottom right, the chase continuing. Is it the disoriented panic of the man fleeing wildly without plan, or the manic mind of the tank driver, pursuing one man, when he should be addressing himself to the destruction of companies, when, in fact, he could shoot? A bizarre act seems to call for an anastrophic treatment. (N. Roy Clifton, The Figure in Film. Associated University Presses, 1983)