Solar Ray Collector

OBJECTIVE: – To determine the efficiency of the solar ray collector under various experimental conditions. 1. Illumination with halogen lamp. Water temperature ? e? 20 °C. a) Complete collector b) Collector without glass plate 2. Illumination with halogen lamp. Water temperature ? e ? 60 °C. c) Complete collector d) Complete collector, cold jet of air impinges e) Collector without glass plate f) Collector without glass plate, cold jet of air impinges INTRODUCTION: Solar ray collectors  transform solar radiation into heat and transfer that heat to water. Then solar heat can be used for heating water, to back up heating systems.The heart of a solar collector is the absorber, which is usually composed of several narrow metal strips. The carrier fluid for heat transfer flows through a heat-carrying pipe, which is connected to the absorber strip. In plate-type absorbers, two sheets are sandwiched together allowing the medium to flow between the two sheets. Absorbers are typic ally made of copper or aluminum. CALCULATION: Important formula for calculating the useful power, PN and efficiency, ? : 1. Useful power, PN = c  · m  · (? o – ? i) where, m = 100 g/min = 1. 667 x 10-3 kg/s c = specific thermal capacity of water = 4. 182 kJ/kg  · K o = average absorber outlet temperature ?i = average absorber inlet temperature 2. Efficiency, ? = PN / (qi x A) where, qi = 1 kW/m2 A = 0. 12 m2 Sample calculation: PART A I. Complete collector ( t=15 min ) – useful power, PN = c  · m  · (? o – ? i) = (4. 182 kJ/kg  · K)  · (1. 667 x 10-3 kg/s)  · (32. 5 – 28. 5) K = 0. 0279 kW – efficiency, ? = PN / (qi x A) = 0. 0279kW / (1 kW/m2 x 0. 12 m2) = 0. 232 II. Complete without glass plate ( t=15min ) – useful power, PN = c  · m  · (? o – ? i) = (4. 182 kJ/kg  · K)  · (1. 667 x 10-3 kg/s)  · (35. 0 – 30. 0) K = 0. 0348 kW – efficiency, ? = PN / (qi x A) = 0. 0279kW / (1 kW/m2 x 0. 2 m2) = 0. 29 PART B I. Complete collector ( t=15 min ) – useful power, PN = c  · m  · (? o – ? i) = (4. 182 kJ/kg  · K)  · (1. 667 x 10-3 kg/s)  · (50. 0 -50. 5) K = 3. 49 W – efficiency, ? = PN / (qi x A) = 3. 49W / (1 kW/m2 x 0. 12 m2) = 0. 029 II. Collector without glass plate ( t=10min ) – useful power, PN = c  · m  · (? o – ? i) = (4. 182 kJ/kg  · K)  · (1. 667 x 10-3 kg/s)  · (52. 0 -52. 0) K = 0. 0 W – efficiency, ? = PN / (qi x A) = 0. 0 W / (1 kW/m2 x 0. 12 m2) = 0. 0 III. Complete collector, cold jet of air impinges ( t=15 min ) – useful power, PN = c  · m  · (? o – ? i) = (4. 182 kJ/kg  · K)  · (1. 67 x 10-3 kg/s)  · (51. 5-51. 5) K = 0. 0 W – efficiency, ? = PN / (qi x A) = 0 W / (1 kW/m2 x 0. 12 m2) = 0. 0 IV. Collector without glass plate , cold jet of air impinges ( t=15min ) – useful power, PN = c  · m  · (? o – ? i) = (4. 182 kJ/kg  · K)  · (1. 667 x 10-3 kg/ s)  · (43. 0 – 49. 0) K = 0. 0418 kW – efficiency, ? = PN / (qi x A) = 0. 0418 kW / (1 kW/m2 x 0. 12 m2) = 0. 349 DISCUSSION: In this laboratory session, we have conducted an experiment regarding Solar Ray Collector. The main idea of this experiment is to determine the efficiency of the solar ray collector under various experimental conditions.Theoretically, solar collectors transform solar radiation into heat and transfer that heat to a medium (water, solar fluid, or air). Then solar heat can be used for heating water, to back up heating systems. The efficiency of a solar collector is defined as the quotient of usable thermal energy versus received solar energy. Absorbers are usually black, as dark surfaces demonstrate a particularly high degree of light absorption. The level of absorption indicates the amount of solar radiation being absorbed that means not being reflected.As the absorber warms up to a temperature higher than the ambient temperature, it gives off a great part of the accumulated solar energy in form of heat rays. From the Part A of the experiment we can observed that the temperature increases for collector with glass is lesser than collector without a glass. This is because for the condition without glass plate, the light emitted from the halogen lamp not being reflected. Thus the light is emitted directed to the solar ray collector and gives their full efficiency without any disturbance or obstacles.In other scenario, collector with the glass plate, the light that emitted from the halogen lamp is being reflected by the glass plate and also reduced the heat that cross from the glass to the solar collector and hence reduced their efficiency. When the glass is placed, the maximum efficiency recorded was 0. 23 and when the glass is not used the maximum efficiency reached 0. 29. Efficiency indicates how well an energy conversion or transfer process is accomplished. In Part B , we can said that when we use heated water around 60? C , we can see that PN and ? ecome constant zero at the end of the time for natural air with glass. This is because the inlet and outlet temperature have become the same. So we can say that there is no useful power in the system. For the experiment that using the blower, the useful power and efficiency of the absorber for the blower without glass plate is higher than blower with glass plate. This is because the air from the blower relieves the heat from the surface of the absorber thus directly reducing the effectiveness of the absorber significantly. There are several error that occurred while we doing the experiment.First is as parallax errors, for instance the reading of the thermometer not taken precisely. Thus it might be give a slightly error in the data . If the parallax errors occurred, it might influence the results and calculation that we got. Secondly is to get temperature of water at 60 Celsius °C and sometime the temperature drop and affected the heat exchanger. Besides , we are having difficulty in order to maintain the flow rate of 100 cm3/min, because it sometimes goes down and up. Thus we have to check it frequently and its quite disturbing because we also need to take measurement for every minutes for 15 minutes.Moreover the thermometer is not precise because it scale is only 0. 5. Thus it is very difficult to get a correct measurement CONCLUSION: In conclusion, we can say that this experiment has achieve its objectives since we can determine the efficiency of the solar ray collector under various experimental conditions. In this experiment we can said that, the greater heat losses of the absorber the higher its temperature. Although there a lack of technique in handling the apparatus, we managed to complete the experiment with the guide of instructor.

Biological Psychology Final Notes

Chapter 2- Darwin was the first to suggest how evolutionoccurs. Humans belong to the primate family known as hominins. Characteristics that evolved to perform one function but were co-opted to perform another function are called exaptations. Each group of three consecutive nucleotide bases along the strand of messenger RNA is called a codon, which instructs the ribosome to add amino acids to the protein being constructed. Subsequent to the nature-nuture issue, a second line of thought surrounding the biology of behavior is the dualistic physiological-psychological debate.Courtship displays are thought to be important because they premote the evolution of new species. Amphibians evolved from bony fishes and later into reptiles, the first vertebrates to lay shell-covered eggs and to be covered with dry scales. In most species mating is indiscriminate or promiscuous; however, there are some species in which males and females create mating bonds with members of the opposite sex. Genes th at contain the information necessary for the synthesis of proteins are enhancer genes. Not all DNA is found in the nucleus of the cell; some is found in mitochondria.Monoallelic expression occurs when one of the two alleles of a gene is inactivated, due to an unidentified epigenetic mechanism, and the other allele is expressed. Descartes claimed the mind is made up of the soul, body, and spirit. RNA is like DNA except it contains the base uracil instead of thymine. Epigenetic mechanisms are thought to be the mearns by which a small number of genes are able to orchestrate the development of human complexity. The mate-bonding pattern in which bonds are formed between one male and one female is known as monogamy. Evolution is not always adaptive.Incidental non-adaptive byproducts are called spandrels. Mitochondria are energy generation structures that are located in the cytoplasm of every cell. Each chromosome has double stranded molecules known as DNA and each is a sequence of nucleot ide bases. Courtship displays are thought to be important because the premote the evolution of new species. Chapter 3- CNS is made up of the brain and spinal cord. PNS is located outside the skull and spine and serves to bring info to the CNS and carry signals out of the CNS. PNS: Somatic Nervous System – Afferent nerves (sensory) Efferent nerves (motor).Autonomic Nervous System- Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves and both nerves are efferent. Sympathetic – thoracic and lumbar, â€Å"fight or flight,† second stage neurons are far from the target organ. Parasympathetic – cranial and sacral, â€Å"rest and restore,† second stage neurons are near the target organ. All nerves are efferent. Sympathetic and parasympathetic generally have opposite effects. Two stage neural paths, neuron exiting the CNS synapses on a second stage neuron before the target organ. Protective mechanisms of the CNS – bone (brain & spinal cord), meninges (protective m embranes), cerebrospinal fluid, and blood brain barrier.CNS encased in bone and covered by three meninges: dura mater- tough outer membrane, arachnoid membrane – web like, pia mater – adheres to CNS surface. Ventricles & spinal cord – contain spinal fluid, cushion against mechanical shock, delivery of hormones, delivery of nutrients. Cerebral Vascular system – delivery of nutrients (glucose, thiamine), delivery of hormones (communication), thermoregulation (maintain temperature), blood brain barrier. Two Types of Cells in Nervous System: neurons – transmit electrical and chemical signals, different types of neurons.Glia – different types, different functions. Neurons – specialized cells for the reception, conduction and transmission of electrochemical signals AND many sizes and shapes. Neurons-messengers-release of chemical that forms communication with other neurons. Semi-permeable membranes – uncharged molecules; move freely across membrane, a few charged molecules (sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride) move through channels, lipids (fat molecules) are key components of the membrane, protein molecules are the key components of ion channels.Glial cells (forgotten cells): glial cells – support neurons, recent evidence for glial communication and modulatory effects of glia on neuronal communication. Types of glial cells: oligodendrocytes- extensions rich in myelin create myelin sheaths in CNS. Schwann cells- ssimilar to function of oligodendrocytes but in PNS, can guide axonal regeneration. Astrocytes- largest glia, star shaped, many functions. Microglia- involved in response to injury or disease. Radial glia- form temporary network to facilitate neural migration.Phagocytic microglia in the flat-mounted inner retina of the rat following transection of the optic nerve – the neurons were axotomized and retrogradely labelled with the fluorescent dye, Due to the membranophilic property of the dye, microglial cells became transcellularly stained after phagocytosis of 4Di-10ASP-labelled neuronal debris. Inside the phagocytes, incorporated membranes are accumulated in phagosomes, which are detectable even years after the neuronal injury. Golgi stain – allows for visualization of individual neurons and general shapes.Nissl stain – selectively stains cell bodies; permits quantification of cell bodies. Electron microscopy – details of neuronal structure. Neuroanatomical Tracing Techniques: Anterograde(forward)- tracing to where axons project away from an area. Retrograde (backward)- tracing from where axons are projecting into an area. Contralateral–opposite side. Ipsilateral – same side. Gray matter – inner component, primarily cell bodies. White matter – outer area, mainly myelinated. Forebrain: Cerebral hemispheres & Cortex, Hippocampus, Basal ganglia, Thalamus, Hypothalamus.Midbrain: Tectum, Tegmentum, Superior Colliculus, Inferior colliculus, Substantia nigra. Hindbrain: Pons, Cerebellum, Medulla axons. Chapter 4: Membrane potential: difference in electrical charge (charged particles or ions) between inside and outside of cell. Resting membrane potential: Resting membrane potential is about –70 mV, Potential inside of the neuron is 70 mV less than that outside of the neuron, When difference in potential exists, the membrane is said to be polarized (carries a charge). Ions move in/out through ion-specific channels. Potassium (K+) and Chloride (Cl-) pass readily.Sodium (Na+)-little free movement across membrane. Negatively charged proteins (A-)– Synthesized within the neuron, Found primarily within the neuron, A-don’t move at all, trapped inside. Binding of neurotransmitters to receptors causes changes in the electrical charge. Depolarizations (membrane potential less negative) result in excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs). Hyperpolarizations (membrane potential more negativ e) result in inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs). Threshold of activation (-65 mV) must be reached near the axon hillock.Spatial summation : Adding or combining individual signals (PSPs) happening at different places into one overall signal. Temporal summation: Adding or combining individual signals (PSPs) happening at different times into one overall signal. Synthesis, Packaging, and Transport of Neurotransmitter Molecules- The chemical signal: Neurotransmitter molecules — Small; Synthesized in the terminal button and packaged in synaptic vesicles. Large; Assembled in the cell body, packaged in vesicles, and then transported to the axon terminal.Major Events in Neurotransmission– The arrival of an AP at the terminal opens voltage-activated Ca2+ channels, The entry of Ca2+ causes vesicles to fuse to the presynaptic membrane and be released into the synaptic cleft. Exocytosis – the process of NT release. Glutamate – Most prevalent excitatory neurotr ansmitter in the CNS. Astrocytes appear to communicate and to modulate neuronal aactivity. Chapter 15: â€Å"Addicts† are those who continue to use a drug despite its adverse effects on health and social life . Most addictive drugs target dopamine pathways and other NTs.Psychoactive drugs – drugs that influence subjective experience and behavior by acting on the nervous system: In order for a psychoactive drug to have an effect, it must get to the brain – it must pass through the blood-brain barrier, Action of most drugs terminated by enzymes in the liver – drug metabolism, Small amounts may also be excreted in urine, sweat, feces, breath, and mother’s milk. Alcohol: A depressant. Marijuana: Cannabis sativa – common hemp plant. Medicinal Uses of Marijuana: Treats nausea, Blocks seizures, Dilates bronchioles of asthmatics, Decreases severity of glaucoma.Reduces some forms of pain. †¢ Drugs influence availability of neurotransmitters. â⠂¬â€œ Agonist – if drug mimics or enhances NT– Antagonist – if drug inhibits NT aactivity. – Affinity – if drug binds to a receptor. – Efficacy – its tendency to activate the receptor. Relapse – priming doses (prefrontal cortex), drug associated cues (amygdala), and stress (hypothalamic stress circuits). Chapter 5: MRI ? High resolution images. ? Constructed from measurement of waves that hydrogen atoms emit when activated within a magnetic field. PET scan ?Provides images of brain aactivity ? Scan is an image of levels of radioaactivity in various parts of one horizontal level of the brain ? A radiolabeled substance is administered prior to the scan. Chapter 6: Light enters the eye through the pupil, whose size changes in response to changes in illumination. Sensitivity – the ability to see when light is dim. Acuity – the ability to see details. Lens – focuses light on the retina. Ciliary muscles alter the shape of the lens as needed. Accommodation – the process of adjusting the lens to bring images into focus.Myopia – nearsightedness – inability to bring distant objects into focus; eyeball too long or cornea too curved; focal point of light falls short of the retina. Hyperopia – farsightedness – inability to focus on near objects; eyeball too short or lens too flat; focal point of light falls beyond the retina. Presbyopia – oldsightedness – lens loses elasticity; unable to refract light; most people over 50. Convergence – eyes must turn slightly inward when objects are close. Binocular disparity – difference between the images on the two retinas.Light passes through ganglion and bipolar cell to visual receptors and then†¦? Photoreceptors (rods and cones)? Horizontal cells? Bipolar cells? Amacrine cells? Retinal ganglion cells? Axons of the ganglion cells leave the back of the eye as the optic nerve. Cones: Photopic (daytime) vision. High-acuity and color information in good lighting. Concentrated in the fovea. ? Rods: Scotopic (nighttime) vision. High-sensitivity, allowing for low-acuity vision in dim light, but lacks detail and color information. Found only in the periphery.Rods: High convergence increased sensitivity, decreased acuity. Cones: Low convergence ? less sensitivity, increased acuity. Fovea: high acuity area at center of retina. Optic nerve is made up of axons of ganglion cells. We continually scan the world with small and quick eye movements – saccades. Transduction – conversion of one form of energy to another. Receptive field: The area of the visual field within which it is possible for a visual stimulus to influence the firing of a given neuron. Most neurons in V1 are either ?Simple – receptive fields are rectangular with â€Å"on† and â€Å"off† regions, or all monocular ? Complex – also rectangular, larger receptive fields, respond b est to a particular stimulus anywhere in its receptive field and many are binocular. Chapter 7: Primary cortex–input mainly from thalamic relay nuclei †¢ Secondary Cortex – input mainly from primary and secondary cortex within the sensory system †¢ Association Cortex – input from more than one sensory system, usually from secondary sensory cortex. Sensation – detecting a stimulus †¢ Perception – understanding the stimulus.

Constitution and Systems of the State Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Constitution and Systems of the State - Essay Example The main components of the government of Oregon as outlined in its constitution are the legislature whose duty is to make the laws of the state; the judiciary whose role is to make sure that justice is carried out in the state and that it implements the laws, which have been passed by the legislature. Finally, there is the executive headed by the governor who is elected by the people of the state for a term of four years, and who oversees the administration of the state on a day-to-day basis. The constitution further outlines the distribution of powers within the state with all three arms of government being considered to be equal and each serving as a check over the other two (Cama, 2012). The role of each is well defined and one would find very little reason for any branch of the government to infringe on the roles of the other. There are many services provided by the state that are authorized by the state constitution and these services serve as one of the rights of the people of Oregon. The state constitution specifies that the state government shall provide services, which are required by the people of the state, but which they cannot provide for themselves. Some of these services may be basic such as mandatory education for all children in the state, to more complex services such as the state providing legal representation for those people who cannot afford a lawyer in court. The constitution of the state has been put in place to protect the rights and privileges as well as to ensure that all the people within the state are treated equally (Staff, 2008). This is the reason why it specifies that the state shall provide those services that one would otherwise not be able to afford. For example, when a person is in need of legal representation but cannot afford to have a lawyer. The state is under the obli gation to provide a lawyer for the defendant in a case so that his or her trial is carried out justly and without any

In Orwell's novel 1984 he protrays life as undeisable under Essay

In Orwell's novel 1984 he protrays life as undeisable under governmental control however this also made a better society - Essay Example Thesis In George Orwell's novel 1984, Orwell portrays governmental control over daily life as undesirable; however, governmental control over the citizens' lives makes a better society for the mass of Oceania's citizens. A strict control maintained by the government establishes a positive and peaceful atmosphere within the society. All of material needs are guaranteed by the state, for all classes, self-restraint is a central virtue, though in the lower classes control and moderation of one's own desires are explicitly linked to the virtue of obedience. The Party is consciously seeking to create the ultimate totalitarian society, a world that "is the exact opposite of the stupid hedonistic Utopias that the old reformers imagined" (Orwell 220). A strict control of the state ensures a maximum happiness for all of its citizens, a goal that would remain central to subsequent thought. However, his suggestion that individual freedom should be sacrificed in order to assure this happiness would become a central concern of fiction (Patai 149). The society goes to great extremes to negate any differences in material circumstances that might lead to rivalries, jealousies, or competition for material gain. More over, to ensure that there can be no question of one family's house being preferable to another (and that the citizens do not become too attached. The governmental control over the citizens lives make a better society because the Party also furthers loyalty among its members through the use of numerous techniques borrowed from religion. As with many conventional religions, Party solidarity is furthered by communal rituals, but in a reversal of the Christian emphasis on love the central Party ritual is a phenomenon called the "Two Minutes Hate." In this rite of hatred, Party members gather before a telescreen as programming focusing on the heinous treachery of official Party enemy Emmanuel Goldstein gradually whips the crowd into a frenzy the intensity of which might be envied by any Bible-thumping Southern preacher (Patai 247). The viewers jump up and down, screaming at the screen, and even those who are initially less than enthusiastic find themselves caught up in the mass hysteria: "The horrible thing about the Two Minutes Hate was not that one was obliged to act a part, but that it was impossible to avoid joining in" (Orwell 16). Orwell emphasizes equality above all else, even to the point of suppression of individual liberty and imposition of a potentially oppressive conformity, enforced by a constant surveillance in which all citizens watch all others, with those who deviate from accepted behavior subject to harsh punishments. Thus, this strict control helps the society to avoid civil disobedience acts and violence. The state itself is fundamentally informed by a privileging of the community over the individual. Mass society live a communistic existence, with property held in common. Individualism is thoroughly subjugated to the interests of the state, to the extent that many of the practices clearly foreshadow the intrusion of the state into the private lives of citizens in modern fictions. For example, marriage is considered a service to the state rather than an expression of individual love, and it is accordingly administered by a Ministry of Love. In Oceania sex is to be regarded primarily as a

Race and Gender Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Race and Gender - Essay Example receptionists and clerks Francine (139). Labor market discrimination is the differentiation of the workers based on characteristics such as origin, race and gender. Such factors lack a role in the determination of an individual productivity. For example there are various forms most common being wage discrimination, where the discriminated group is paid less for the same kind of jobs. Another form of discrimination is the employment discrimination where by an individual is excluded from an occupation that is performed by a person with an equal productivity. A general misconception prevails that discrimination is only practiced by the employer. However research has proved that customer discrimination also exists in the market where customers prefer to transact with a certain kind of people. Human capital the concept of human capital recognizes that not all labor is equal and that the quality of employees can be improved in investing in them. Nobel laureate Theodore Schultz believed hum an capital was like any type of capital that could be invested into through formal education, job training, and geographic migration. For example statistics carried out in the US between the years 1970-2007 showed the gender differences in educational attainment. Beginning in high school tends to differ in types of courses taken and chosen specialization. Differences between men and women at the college level are more substantial and persistent Francine (152). Experience-Earnings profile is the assumption that holds that given the traditional division of labor in the family, women anticipate shorter and less and continuous work careers as opposed to men. Hence making them select occupations that require less investments in education and job training than those chosen by their male counterparts. Women tend to spend more hours on house work thus reducing the efforts they may put

Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) PATHWAY (NURSING PATHWAY) Essay - 1

Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) PATHWAY (NURSING PATHWAY) - Essay Example The paper will be focused on two main parts. The first part will focus on a central patient in the central case. The second part, focusing on the justification of the methods will examine two different cases involve biological, psycholical and social factors relevant to ensuring the success of the ERAS framework. Joan is a 30-year old Caucasian lady of Anglo-Saxon origins married with two children aged between 3 and 5. She is an administrator at one of UK’s financial service entities. Joan has to go through a surgical operation for Appendicitis in a middle-sized medical hospital in South London. Joan has been told she will be discharged after 1 to 3 days and it will take 1 week to 1 month for the wounds to be healed fully and totally so she can return to normal life. Joan smokes one to three sticks of cigarettes a day and drinks alcohol occasionally. The standardised procedure for dealing with Enhanced Recovery After Surgery is steeped in the process of the ERAS society which asserts that a nurse or healthcare practitioner should do three main things as a general framework: These important information forms the basis for the evaluation and conduct of the operation. However, after the operation, there is the need for various degrees of the management of the impact of the operation through a given framework. The important elements and aspects of the post-operative management include amongst other things: This means that the broad framework of the strategy to be used will be one that will relieve the immediate pain and complications of the cuts in the surgical process (Ropper, 2010). It will focus on providing post-anaesthetic care and get Joan to be ushered into an era of recovery. Once the operation is done, there must be regular checks for complications that might need to be dealt with as a peculiar case relating to the patient (Alio-Sanz & Azar, 2009). Finally,

Current Issues of Modern Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Current Issues of Modern Law - Assignment Example In Arbitration, the two disputing parties agree to have a person who will hear out both parties and make a decision as to who is right/ aggrieved. The two disputing parties may choose to make the process either binding or non-binding. If the process is, binding then a document to that effect is being prepared and duly signed by both parties stating it to be so. The decision of the arbitrator in this process will be final and neither party can dispute it and proceed to trial. In the non-binding arbitration, either or both parties may dispute the decision of the arbitrator and proceed to trial. The process in Collaborative Family Law is designed to encourage mutually agreeable solutions to couples who want to legally put an end to their marriage unions. Each partner has the right to have their legal representatives in the proceedings but would have to hire new ones if they decide to proceed to court. Either party reserves the right to go to court at any point in the proceedings. This t ype of process is not advisable for couples who have domestic violence, or and intimidation issues. In Case Conferencing as an alternative dispute resolution, the focus is on narrowing the issues that are in dispute between parties. This is done by a judge or their representative and the legal representative of both parties with little input from the disputing parties. Neutral Evaluation makes use of expert evaluation of the matter in dispute through the professional opinion of projected outcomes of the matter if it went to court. The expert evaluates the pros and cons of each side’s case and with the consent of both parties offers advice on a settlement. The expert also offers case planning to encourage settlement. Mediation is a dispute resolution process where a person/mediator acts to enable disputing parties to reach a mutually agreeable settlement amongst them. The mediator unlike the arbitrator does not decide the case but helps the disputing parties do on their own. P arent Coordination as an alternative conflict resolution uses an experienced trained legal or health professional in assisting high conflict parents to carry out their parenting plan. The main objective of this type of dispute resolution is to resolve and manage conflicts so that meaningful parent-child relationships can be obtained or created if absent. Summary Jury Trials can be binding or non-binding as agreed to by parties. They are only available in limited jurisdictions. It entails giving a summary of both sides of the disputing party in order to get a projected outcome of a case if it were to go to trial.        

Economic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Economic - Essay Example When the government relaxed its price control and promoted foreign investment, the United States started to invest in PRC beginning 1979 after both countries establish diplomatic relations. With Japan as their fund provider since 1978 through soft loans, PRC is now the fastest growing major economy in the world. Its success has been attributed to a formula of cheap labor, ease government policy, overall infrastructure, high productivity, and some say, an underrated exchange rate. In spite of a growing trade surplus, PRC is consciously making effort to lower its inflation rate and/or manage inflation expectations by raising bank reserve ratio of deposits through a directive from PRC’s Central Bank. This brings as to the first question as to how will this affect the balance sheets of both the banks and the PRC’s Central Bank. As regard to the banks, their assets, particularly deposits will decrease and the same amount will increase the reserve in the â€Å"Liabilitiesâ⠂¬  portion in their Balance Sheet. Expectedly, the assets of the Central Bank either in receivables or deposits will increase as well as their reserves. Normally, banks hold two bank reserves, one is use for cashing checks or satisfying client’s withdrawals while the other is called â€Å"legal reserves† or sometimes called â€Å"federal reserves† or central bank reserves. ... Asian Development Bank (ADB) said in its 2011 Asian Development Outlook that â€Å"there is very little risk of hard landing because growth momentum remains robust for the medium term†. As compared to last year the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth will slow to 9.3% in 2011, a dip from 10.3% annual growth in 2010 (Global Times), mainly due to stubborn inflation this year. One determinant factor of inflation is the Consumer Price Index (CPI), as the CPI rise so is the inflation. Consumer consumption is one of the major components in arriving at the total GDP, the others are government expenditures, gross investment and the net of exports versus imports. Consumer consumption may not be a factor at this time because wages will not outpace production. Government expenditures were already programmed to pay maturing foreign loans, hence will be constant, while investment will decrease minimally due to expected increase in interest rates. The one that will affect most in computing the GDP is the net difference between exports and imports. As I analyze it, imports will continue to outpace exports due primarily to higher demands for fuel consumption, which are outsourced externally. The World Bank said â€Å"strong domestic demand and relative price changes has reduced the importance of external trade for China† (Reuters.com) There might be an oversupply of products which will considerably affect prices and therefore have an effect on equilibrium. As regard the aggregate expenses, again this will tend to be low as the net effect of imports versus exports is high. PRC’s Central Bank raising of RRR will certainly have an effect on the money multiplier since it will

Working in Groups Essay Example for Free

Working in Groups Essay -Have you ever worked on a group project? Was it easy peasy, or was it an unforgettable nightmare? Working together is hard, its no wonder group projects have such a bad reputation. Everyone will have to work on a group project at some point in their lives with a little whether it be school, business, an organization or even an event. Often when working in groups, members communicate poorly or sometimes not at all. In some cases people may even stab each other in the back. There are many difficult situations that may arise when working in groups. Some of the most common are participation, conflict, blame and domination. There will always be some who do not participate as much as others and will take a back seat and ride along the coat tails reaping all the same rewards as others who are working very hard. There may be some conflict because people have different opinions and points of view and may challenge what is being said or done by another member. This is ok, except when comments become personal or directed at specific people. This can often lead to resentment or animosity within the group. Things may go wrong at some point and it is easy to direct blame at someone and can be very damaging to the person blame is being put upon. Other members may direct anger and frustrations toward that member causing them to with draw from the group. Some people just have stronger personalities, I myself am usually one of the more outspoken members but in this experience I chose to take on a different roll because I do not currently have the time to be in a leadership type role. Often the more dominate people leave others feeling as if they do not have the opportunity to make their point or that their point doesnt even  matter. I personally experienced this when making a suggestion at this group projects meet up. As when working on anything, there are always going to be advantages and disadvantages. The first and most important advantage is increased productivity. Each individual can use the best skills they possess, and ensure quality to their work. There will be more resources available to you and the skill level will be broader. When a member is not able to complete something for any reason there are others who can be reliable for it. In a group there will be more ideas, different points of views and many suggestions to help make the group better. The disadvantages are that there is no individual thinking even if you feel strongly about something it must be a group decision in the end. The time an individual puts into a group is unknown and not acknowledged and credit is given as a whole even if you put in majority of the work. The competitive attitudes of people working in groups can also be a problem because some may lose focus as they are worried about who is doing more work rather than who is doing good work. I have worked in groups a few times and all had very different experiences depending on the project or task assigned. I would have to say that the best group experience for me was when working on a school project. When we first met up as a group, together we assigned who would be doing what. We also set up two deadlines in which we met up and discussed progress, problems and other issues anyone was experiencing. I would have to say that project was successful because we all collaborated decisions and responsibilities. Many people as adults already know what they are knowledgeable in and what they would be most successful in completing, so we first picked and chose then assigned what was left. When you are confident or interested in what you are working on it is much easier to complete. This group assignment was difficult in my opinion. The type of experience that gives working in groups a bad reputation and I know I am partly at fault for just accepting the situation rather than trying to make it better.  First off we did not know each other prior and had no clue what to expect of each other as far as interaction and personalities. The three of us met up once in Panera during the lunch rush and loud crowds, which I found to be quite distracting. When I arrived the other two members were already sitting. It seemed that one of the group members felt she had the most experience and pretty much took over. (I will call her the lead) She stated that we can finish this today in like 30-40 minutes My thought were WHAT!! We sat looking up our topic but not seeming to get much done. I suggested that we make an outline what we want covered about our topic and then assign who does what. I received a puzzled look from both and the lead said that due to the topic and type of assignment it just was not possible as it was too broad. The other member appeared to me to be on the quiet side, kind of a go with the flow person. I decided to do the same and stepped back knowing that what I was choosing to do would be unbeneficial to all of us. I felt I would just do what I felt was necessary on my own. The possibilities of problems can be endless within groups, ranging from general negativity to specific problems such as irregular attendance, unwillingness or inability to meet up as well as aggressive behavior or arguments. But the benefits and experience of working in a group make it worth the while and a lot can be avoided by setting up clear guidelines like rules or norms for the group from the beginning. Giving positive feedback and support from other members. And most importantly when problems do arise deal with them immediately and find a resolution to overcome the difficulties within the group so that it will build trust amongst the group and it can move forward positively. People forget that when working together it is every ones goal to make decisions to lead the group forward not just an individual. Groups are made u of individuals with varying personalities, backgrounds and ideas. For a group to work well a bond needs to be developed. Every group needs a leader and each member should feel a sense of belonging, a reason and purpose for their presence in the group. Each and every group experience will have a different lesson that can be learned whether good or bad. Work Cited Armbruster, Rachel Banding together for a cause Wiley and Sons Inc. 2012 Astin, A. (1993). What Matters in college? Four Critical Years Revisited. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Web Oct 2014 Hammar Chiriac, Eva, Gareth J. Williams, and Carl Senior. Group Work As An Incentive For Learning Students Experiences Of Group Work. _Frontiers In Psychology_ 5.(2014): 1-10. _Academic Search Complete_. Web. Oct 2014 Rafferty, Patricia D. The Evaluation Of MBA Group Work: A Case Study Of Graduate Student Experiences And Perceptions Of Positive Group Work Outcomes. _Journal Of Education For Business_ 88.1 (2013): 43-50. _Business Source Complete_. Oct 2014

Views on bullying in schools Essay Example for Free

Views on bullying in schools Essay a) Legal View The legal system rarely deals with cases of bullying though there are some laws that have been set up to fight against it. This is mainly because there are many cases of bullying that are not very serious. The legal system hence allows the school to deal with these small minor cases. Schools and the parents are given a chance to work together to come up with strategies that help prevent and stop it. It is important for the bullying cases to be handled quickly and efficiently before they bring more damages when they become too serious (Antibullying, n. d). This however does not eliminate the chances of legal action being used to stop the bullying. There are circumstances that call for legal intervention as a last resort due to the seriousness of the incident. The parents, victims and other bystanders have the responsibility to report the incident to the police. Legal action can also be carried out if the other methods that have been used to intervene by the parents and the teachers have failed. It is also encouraged when there is a possibility that the bullying will reduce once the case is reported. When the bullying also takes place outside the school compound, the parents and teachers together with the community can cooperate with the police to prevent and stop it. Bullying is treated as an offence that is against the law when it becomes too serious and the consequences are very damaging. It is seen to affect the rights of other individuals and their freedom. When it is carried out against other students on the basis of race and cultural differences it is termed as being racism (Antibullying, n. d). b) Parents, Teachers and School Administrators View Despite the seriousness of the matter, some views exist that portray the behavior of bullying as acceptable. Parents have been known to have views on bullying that encourage the practice even further especially if it is their child who is bullying others. Some parents hold the view that boys will be boys. This view tends to imply that physical bullying is an acceptable behavior and hence they encourage the children to be more aggressive and physically abuse other children. Research has proven that the aggressive behavior to bully is learnt and it is not a natural response (The National ALLIANCE for Parent Centers, 2003). Some other views that are used by parents include the view that words cannot hurt. This view is argued that even though the words do not leave any physical marks or bruises on the children they are able to leave emotional scars that are more damaging than the physical bruises and words. The words spoken tend to have long term consequences and effects on the victims as they affect the self esteem and confidence. Some bullies are able to learn this from an early age and they use this approach to intimidate other children (The National ALLIANCE for Parent Centers, 2003). Bullying by some parents is viewed as a natural part of childhood and they tend to dismiss their children when they disclose the fact that they are being bullied in schools (The National ALLIANCE for Parent Centers, 2003). Parents normally take up this view since the occurrence of bullying is so common hence it looks like a normal thing to occur to children when they are in school. The truth of the matter is that the aggression that is both physical and emotional should not be taken to be a normal part of childhood and action should be taken against it. Some parents are of the view that bullying is carried out to make the children become tougher. They hold the opinions that the more that the children are bullied the more they are able to toughen up and become strong emotionally and physically. The truth however is that bullying lowers their self esteem and makes them more afraid. It also lowers their self worth and affects their academic and social life even in their adulthood. Bullying is normally carried out with an intention to harm the victim and inflict a sense of power among the bullies (The National ALLIANCE for Parent Centers, 2003).

Aspects And Subcultures Of Digital Culture Media Essay

Aspects And Subcultures Of Digital Culture Media Essay Today digital trends are increasingly connected with the world of culture and arts, involving different aspects of culture, media and information technologies, and influencing new forms of communication. This course paper will review 3 fundamental aspects and particular subcultures of the digital culture. The term digital culture includes 3 main aspects digital culture in videogames, in music and in the Internet. It also includes the vast array of subcultures that have grown up in the last years around these aspects. These new trends have deeply modified all of our day to day activities. In the Digital culture: pragmatic and philosophical challenges Marcelo Dascal speaks about the changes that are transforming the nature of international communication and are modifying the way in which we carry out research, engage in study, keep our accounts, plan our travel, and so on. This article depicts the changes in todays digital culture and that is why it is the article this course paper st arts with. The relevance of the issue is explained by the pace of technological evolution which is much more rapid than the cultural one. No one controls the direction that technological development is taking, it is directing us (Dascal, 2006) This phenomenon of the digital culture influences all the spheres of our life. Today people cannot imagine their lives without digital culture. In the work Youth culture, music, and cell phone branding in China (2005), Jing Wang admits that nowadays music, Internet and video games are all connected with each other. The article examines the place of music in an emerging youth culture. As for the games culture, this course paper will refer to Live in your world, play in ours (by Sheila Murphy and What is video game culture? Cultural studies and game studies by Adrienne Shaw. Besides, the course paper also relies on the work by J.A. McArthur A geek meaning of style (2008) that considers the culture today should be understood as an open and dynamic process that is based on interactive communication. It changes every minute. This means that digital culture is a living system that always changes. That is why it is interesting to discuss the so-called geek subcultures. The present research is a brief review of the articles and an attempt to define how the digital culture and subcultures are reflected in academic studies. This paper summarizes various aspects of digital culture in two steps. It defines three key aspects of the digital culture and demonstrates three main subcultures of digital culture. Aspects of digital culture In the study of digital culture one thing can be pointed out is the sociological aspect. Digital culture is considered to be a socio-cultural phenomenon. There are three main aspects in digital culture. These are video games, music, and the Internet. Video games It is possible to say that computer and man communicate. To the question How will man and computer work together? there is an answer: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦through speech. (Dascal, 2006) Today there is a tendency for the newspaper articles to point out that video gamers are not necessarily who we think they are. As one article asserts, the stereotype of the gamer as a glaze, incoherent teenage boy is wrong (Shaw, A. 2010) What is video game culture? Cultural studies and game studies, p407). In the culture the gamer identity is defined by technical proficiency, geek cultural capital and maleness. While the games that they play make up a wide range of genres there is little diversity among the gamers themselves. According to the data, released by the Interactive Digital Software Association (IDSA), 62% of PC gamers are male and 60% of those gamers are under 36 years old (Murphy, 2004). Dovey and Kennedy (2006) define video games culture by the way of the major discourses used by members of th e video game development industry. Games culture isà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a critical site, where discourses around technology, technological innovation, and technological competence converge with dominant conceptions of gender and race (cited in Shaw, 2010, p405) 1.2. Music Music is definitely an aspect of digital culture J. Wang claims according to a BRANDchild study nearly 50% of wired urban teenagers frequently download music from the Internet.(2005, p 187) Basing on this statistic data, no doubt it is important for the youth. We can even say that it has become a new way of communication communication through music. Today people all over the world buy music from iTunes and it is a major part of digital culture that is growing form year to year. The changes happen in music sphere extremely fast and the reason for that is the computerization of the modern world. Almost everybody has a computer and an Internet access, and therefore has unlimited (free or paid) access to music. Such an access is very convenient although uncontrolled. Besides, music has become mobile with the wide spread of portable phones and other gadgets. Mobile music is said to be the panacea that cuts across cultural borders, able to attract global cool youth. (Wang, 2005, p 188) Actually, the world youth prefer music, which is well-known in many countries, therefore music becomes international, no matter what language it uses. Gadgets are developing very rapidly, new mobile means and new opportunities for listening to music arrive. Music has become a field in which tastes and preferences have become more eclectic than ever before (McArthur, 2008) Transnational marketers consider music as the fastest way into the mind and soul of todays youths (Wang, 2005) It rarely needs to be argued that music is the global language of the Now Generation. Internet Of course, it goes without saying that Internet has changed the world we used to know. Today it is one of the main parts in digital culture. Such a global phenomenon as Internet culture has appeared thanks to development of the net and has become a social event in human history. The Internet today is not only huge quantity of computers, but also the improbable quantity of the people, for which network is an essentially new way of dialogue almost not having of analogues in the material world. (Silver, 2004, p 57) The Internet gave everybody a chance of self-realization in this vast space: digital youth subcultures can not be centered round musical preference. (McArthur, 2008) The Internet may be a new resource for the affiliation and expression of sub-cultural identity. It may serve as a place for sub-cultural development. Moreover, it is a place where some subcultures (such as hackers) are born. The use of the Internet as a resource for subcultures suggests that subcultures today are able to affiliate across location and time constraints. It is no doubt effective across time and space.(McArthur, 2008) Subcultures Gamers Video games have produced a variety of subcultures. Some authors look at games as a social practice. For example, T. Taylor (2006) describes an outline gaming culture as a social practice and a shared identity created in the game space. (cited in Shaw, 2010). In the gamers culture, subcultures are marked by their look, specific linguistic jargon, and a sense of solidarity. Gamers often wear clothing that reference specific games, comics, television shows, or movies that are not widely known outside of a small following (Shaw, 2010) One of the biggest subculture of video gamers in the world is the World of Warcraft Community. As Hackeleman (2011) claims: As game developers have strived to create engaging environments and immersive stories for players to experience, independent machine producers have taken an unofficial and sometimes controversial role by expanding the game universe from a different perspective: tinkering with the game engine itself. The demand for this type of user generated content has risen as the addictive qualities of games like World of Warcraft have stimulated the creation of vast social networks and thriving online communities that provide gamers with the ability to stay connected while outside the virtual space. (2011, p 2) To understand the size of the community one can look at its Facebook group (http://www.facebook.com/warcraft) where 1,430,549 people (assessed on April 26 2011) claimed their affiliation with the game by following the games group page. According to the official website, more than 11 mln people play World of Warcraft around the world (http://www.worldofwarcraft.com) That is a size of a big city and if we bear in mind that they meet offline, buy different objects form each other and have their own language, they are a real culture, which is only one example of the video game culture. Many other communities of video gamers (such as Second Life, Sims Online, Grand Thief Auto Online) have their own subcultures which include almost 300 mln people playing online (based on estimate provided in Yahoo Answers). In different countries people have different attitudes to this. According to my observations, in Russia most of these players are thought to be computer geeks because they are different non-gamers and communicate with other gamers much easier. But when looking at the worlds most advanced video game culture South Korea à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ it is stressed that Koreans are very different from Americans because they treat pro-gamers as heroes, unlike U.S. sports culture that values real athletes. (Shaw, 2010) Music fans The next digital subculture which is considered is connected with the aspect of music. Studies of youth subcultures during the past 30 years have typically coincided with studies of popular music preferences. (Bennet, 1999, cited in McArthur, 2008. p. 58) There are many different music genres, which vary respectively to the style of music. For example, there are widely known rappers and rockers, but in modern world we commonly associate them more with their look and outfit, than the music genre. Those features, which show belonging to certain music style, allow to identify the typical representatives of different music subcultures. That means that there is not only music it is backed up with the different types of culture. One of the most influential musical subcultures existing nowadays is punk. From the Wangs point of view there are 2 types of punk-lovers: originals and wannabes. First group focuses generally on the punk music itself, while the other is more concerned about the fa shion code, and punk music is simply part of their lifestyle. This process went further so much that it has become common to treat punk as a sociological rather than a musical phenomenon from start. Punk is often considered as implementation of youths rebellious moods, but often their interest in punk culture symbolizes the search of band that will help them [students] say I am unique without making them look weird or socially unacceptable. According to Jing Wang, there is a so-called punk syndrome, which refers to the mentality, culture, lifestyle of punk-lovers. The typical representatives of this subculture are angry young high school kids, and the music is their way to show disobedience or the way to cope with the pressure they receive at school. In his article Jing Wang talks about several high school kids, who managed to pull through their entrance exams with the help of punk music. The anger of music, played with drums, bass guitars and songs performed in the aggressive or even shouting ways affects enormously peoples emotions. Online communities An online culture has developed as online social relationships have deepened and matured (Silver, 2004) The net is an accessible and user-friendly area in which subcultures can form, meet, and interact both in online and offline mode. Different groups of users appeared: anime geeks, hackers, flooders and etc. The Internet provides an opportunity for would-be members of cultural groups to seek out people who have similar thoughts to them. As Parker (1989) claimed computers have become a part of the genesis of a new crime from that has added computer programmers, computer operators, and electronic engineers to the traditional categories of criminals. (cited Turgeman-Goldschmidt, 2005). Hacking is a widespread international phenomenon, and hackers actions occasionally reach the media headlines. They are one of the most interesting subcultures that appeared on the Internet. According to Turgeman-Goldschmidt (2005, p 8) the hacker community is clearly male dominated and hackers are typically young adults. Moreover most hackers have no previous criminal record, are White and nonviolent, and come from middle- to upper-class backgrounds. The subculture can be divided in several communities of different type hackers. First ones hack the computer system to achieve fame jokers. Not likely to cause serious harm to the system, and express themselves making various humorous captions, viruses with different visual and sound effects (music, shaking or turning the screen, drawing all sorts of images, etc.) Next community type is professional crackers they carry out hacking a computer system to steal or substitute information stored there. They are characterized by systematic and organized action. The last ones are called vandals they carry out hacking a computer system to its destruction: delete data, create viruses or Trojan horses. But no matter what their type of hacker community is according to Taylor (1999, cited in Turgeman-Goldschmidt, 2005) there are six motivators for hackers : feelings of addiction, urge of curiosity, boredom with educational system, enjoyment of feelings of power, peer recognition and political acts. During his research Turgeman-Goldschmidt (2005) gives an explanation to each motivator in the hacker subculture. First of all, he says is the feeling for addiction to anarchy and anarchy is extremely entertaining. Secondly, their curiosity for hackers lies in the desire to learn and know as much as possible. Overall, it is stated that original hackers mostly do it not for revenue, but for the idea of free knowledge. They fight against Microsoft and help Linux in any way they find. They are trying to change the world the way the can, fighting with globalization, starting wars against the multinationals, and just by helping to find bugs in the anti-virus software. The considerable group of hackers regularly organizes hacker conventions. It operates a conference in Las Vegas which is annually visited by several thousand participants from all over the world from the U.S. to Australia. Each year the World Congress takes place in Germany is the of hackers, under the auspices Computer Chaos Club. CCC is a three-day conference on technology, society and the future of mankind. (Coleman, 2008) During these meetings hackers even manage to create their own outlook, own language, and made their own bible. For the hackers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ hacking is a new form of entertainment based on the play-like quality that characterizes the use of digital technology and is a new form of social activity. Hacking can be considered a new form of entertainment that could not have existed before the development of an adequate technology. (Turgeman-Goldschmidt, 2005) Today hackers became a wide dangerous subculture. Conclusion Digital culture is a largely modern phenomenon. It should be understood primarily as part of general culture, one of the most important aspects of cultural activity in general. There are many other subcultures in the digital culture, but my research is focused primarily on three most popular ones. These three subcultures demonstrate aspects, which are more or less typical for other subcultures, associated with digital culture. As for my experience, during the research I have found out a lot of new about aspects and subcultures in general to particular differences inside different type of subcultures. In general, it was unexpected to learn that every subculture consists of those who are original and those who are posers. Every subculture does have a group of people that are a part of it only because they adore how people of this subculture look like not even understanding the main idea of it. This can be proved by a subculture I have analyzed in my course paper punks. I did not know that there are so many posers that just like the outlook, not knowing the history, nor understanding the main idea of the subculture. Besides, I have never heard of the attitude towards pro gamers in South Korea. They are thought to be almost national heroes there. The interesting fact is that every year they have a championship, in which anyone can participate. It is as popular as watching the hockey matches in Russia. Special TV channels translate news for gamers and computer geeks, youths and aged watch the championship matches together. In result the winner gets a major gift from the sponsor (which reaches $500,000) and incredible respect. The amount of money for winning the tournament motivates people to play professionally from early childhood. As a result, different kind of gamers all together are a tremendous size subculture in South Korea. In Russia digital subcultures are just getting born because our Internet and technology evolution is several steps back from the United States of America or South Korea. But I am sure that in several years we are going to have our own specific subcultures that would be interesting to analyze. Drawing to the conclusion, it is necessary to remember that this issue is extremely complicated and it worth more research. It is always interesting to analyze people, there communications, and new subcultures that reflect current situation in the country. That is the reason why I plan to keep on my research work in a slightly different way after I finish this course paper to analyze the digital subcultures in Russia and their influence on businesses for the next course paper.

Wilderness: History and Value Essay -- Nature Philosophy Papers

Wilderness: History and Value History From the very beginning of this nation's history, wilderness has been a fundamental ingredient. The first European settlers found and battled against it upon their arrival. The western explorers and wagon trains sought to wrestle farmland from the wilderness's grip to build cities, farms and homes. It was not until the reality of its finite availability, that it was viewed as anything other than an opponent and menace. These changing attitudes began a new battle for preservation and protection of the wilderness that remained. The nation's attitude transformation was testimony to a new focus and value for wilderness. This new disposition declared that the preservation and maintenance of wilderness is instrumental to our own emotional, spiritual and biological survival. The first European settlers began an extensive nation wide war on wilderness upon their arrival on the eastern shore. The war continued for many years and set the tone for America's relationship with its wilderness lands. Many of the nation's first European arrivals brought with them very Puritanical views regarding the appropriateness of order and disorder as well as fundamental Christian views (Kropf, 1997). In their minds, the unsettled and unestablished lands of the New World symbolized lack of order and therefore the absence of God. Along with disorderly lands there existed native inhabitants who, because they had not subdued the land-putting it to strict agricultural use-were innately inferior. All these attributes assigned to the Indians and the wilderness led the early settlers to firmly believe that the wilderness was the dwelling place of Satan. As God fearing Christians, their greatest calling was the elim... ...nd humanity will suffer. Furthermore, the contents of this continent which have shaped and influenced this nation will be forever lost. Bibliography Brower, David. (1996). Let the Mountains Talk, Let the Rivers Run. San Fransisco: Harper Collins Publishers. Drabelle, Dennis. (1984, Summer). Feral Explorations. Wilderness, pp.24-26. Hendee, John C., Stankey, George H., & Lucas, Robert C. (1990). Wilderness Management. Golden: North American Press. Kropf, Jesse A., "Images of the Overland Trail and Manifest Destiny: A Distortion of Reality". History 369: Dan Flores, University of Montana. Spring 1997. Nash, Roderick. (1967). Wilderness and the American Mind. New Haven: Yale UP. Nash, Roderick. (1984, Summer). Path to Preservation. Wilderness, 5-11. Oelschlager, Max. (1991). The Idea of Wilderness. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Critical Analysis of Edvard Munchs The Scream Essay -- Visual Arts Pa

Critical Analysis of Edvard Munch's The Scream "The Scream", sometimes known as "The Cry" was painted by Edvard Munch in 1893. Some say Munch played a role in the development of German Expressionism, though the Norwegian painter turned down two offers to join the group, and preferred not to be classified, or 'put' into a category. This painting was part of Munch's "The Frieze of Life", a series of paintings each portraying a phase of life - as defined by Munch: Birth of Love, Blossoming and Dissolution of Love, Anguish of Life, and Death. The eleven paintings - "The Kiss", "Madonna", "Ashes", "Dance of Life", "Melancholy", "Red Virginia Creeper", "The Scream", "Death in the Sick-Room", "Puberty", "Moonlight", and "The Sick Child" - are as moving today as they were a hundred years ago when the motifs were first conceived. Munch finished "The Scream" in 1893. It was a work of great personal meaning to him. The painting was like the culmination of all the tragic and harrowing events in his life. When Munch was aged only five years old, his Mother died from Tuberculosis. Nine years later, his favourite sister Sophie dies from tuberculosis also, at the age of 15. Frequent illnesses prevent him from attending Technical college in Christiania (Oslo). In 1889, he is hit with perhaps the biggest blow so far: his beloved father dies. Munch wrote: "And I live with the dead ones; my mother, my sister, my grandfather, my father- he, especially. Every memory, every little thing, they all come back to me in flocks. I can see him again as I saw him for the last time four months ago, when he told me goodbye on the bench; we were a little bit shy, we didn't want to betray the pain that this separation was causing to us. How much we loved each other in spite of everything, how much he worried at night for me, for my life - because I couldn't share his faith" Therefore, it is not surprising that the mood of the painting is so haunting. Munch painted it surrounded by morbidity. The point in the painting where we see the figures, was a road on top of a hill looking over Christiania and the harbour. On one side of the hill was a psychiatric hospital where one of his sisters had been sent, and on the other side, an abattoir. Munch described the feeling he experienced in a diary entry in his literary diary in Nice, on the 22nd January 18... ...e influenced two German expressionist groups, Die Brà ¼ke and Die Blaue Reiter. He had two offers from Die Blaue Reiter to join them, but he turned both down. Painting was for Munch a personal experience, and he did not like to share it, or put his works into any grouping. The painting itself looks quite 'slapdash', as though it was rushed. The thick streaks of oil paint give the effect of a movement blur, like the world was swirling around the figure. It is hard to distinguish between the water and the land, difficult to recognize where the hills in the background stop and the sunset begins. "The Scream" is a painting full of emotion, full of character not understood at the time of its birth. It reflects Munch's life at that time, all the Death and anxiety that makes the painting so mysterious and haunting, whilst also lively. When I look at it, I feel I can hear the scream echoing from it. The screaming figure draws the attention of the onlooker, but other aspects of the painting are just as interesting. Whilst we cannot know what was going through Munch's mind when he painted"The Scream", we can guess that the painting evokes all the pain he was feeling.

Postmodernism and Multimedia Essay

The premises of postmodernism include the spread of globalization, deviation from the â€Å"universal truth†, non-linearity and flexibility and that it can be closely associated with computer technology. These premises can be found and embodied in today’s multimedia. Multimedia itself can be considered a postmodern creation because of the nonlinearity in its creation, storage and distribution especially with the advent of the World Wide Web and other technological advances (Phillips c. 2003). Multimedia is also an entertainment form that branches in different directions, deconstructing and reconstructing the experiences to suit different individual tastes. It links different sections and components, making the media more interactive and more convenient for the audience as they go through the sections of their choosing. This proves its nature true as an integration of multiple media that can multiply the impact of the message/s the multimedia would want to impart to its audiences (Pant 1999). Multimedia methodology and production itself can be said to be generally postmodern because of the technologies and the demands they need to adapt to in order to satisfy the demands of the today’s market. Postmodernism, is, thus the heart of this era’s multimedia methodology and production. The methodology and production of multimedia is a process that involves multiple steps that include conceptualization, development, preproduction, production, postproduction, and documentation with each phase being further subdivided into different activities (Pant 1999). Conceptualization and development, mostly take a linear approach (though these may become non-linear depending on the medium of technology it should be adapted to), but the preproduction, production, postproduction and documentation stages get more complicated as the multimedia reaches more audiences. This is where postmodern methods, like non-linearity, enters in. This is a case in point in movies, wherein, after the theaters, they go to the DVD. In the DVD, they get reproduced by adding commentary tracks, behind-the-scenes documentaries, deleted scenes and outtakes which involve the stages from production to documentation (Owczarski 2007). Because of the new edits to DVDs and other media such as downloadable videos, the media has been made to be more interactive with a click of a button and lends to its non-linear quality. Tied into its production and methodology, the different sections that are being inputted into the multimedia are not created linearly and are edited into the work piecemeal depending on the market’s demands and the playfulness of the media produced. The multimedia are not only transmitted through the Internet and DVD but are also being distributed non-linearly to other mediums such as the mobile phones and other devices that makes creators go back and forth in the production process making it spiral rather than linear in order to accommodate the demands of technology and the public and still having almost the same experience in the end. Flexibility is also very evident in today’s multimedia as evidenced by different mediums where they are presented in. Some of the most popular mediums are online streaming sites such as YouTube. While traditional media uses video cameras to create videos, postmodern methods use different technologies to create videos devoid of the professional touch. As stated by Ann Hornday in her study of the phenomenon of the public’s production of their own media contributions, â€Å"The mobile phone camera has introduced a whole new version of variety, delivering spontaneous, intimate, unedited footage. At their best, these slices of life – devoid of structural conceits and often of narration – transport viewers to places and situations they would never otherwise be privy to. And they can land unexpected emotional punches. No CNN report and few feature-length documentaries could capture the stark terror of a two-minute video recently uploaded to Metacafe. com, in which a U. S. Army convoy on a routine run dodges a bomb on an Iraq street† (2007). Such is the nature of today’s multimedia. Postmodernism in multimedia has expanded the experiences of audiences around the globe because of its introduction of the idea of versatility; being able to explore different environments that would otherwise be closed off to traditional media. As today’s technologies demand more portability and accessibility, multimedia has adapted to become more flexible to the growing requirements of its consumers. Some of these technologies come in the form of handheld technologies such as PDAs and mobile phones which have varying and more compact requirements. Since the requirements of these small and less complicated devices are different from those stated above, the creation of multimedia is increasingly becoming more flexibly created and recreated. With the addition of textual design in different forms of multimedia, the current technology has enabled the audience to interact with and participate in the media-making experience itself. The different technologies that have emerged has made it possible for various ways to present multimedia, regardless of proper lighting, sound and focus, and is still able make an appealing video to the audiences (Hornday 2007). This disregard for traditional means for professional multimedia creations and the non-professionalism of the publicly-made multimedia has made the postmodern movement of media an exciting experience that has made it possible for multimedia to flourish unlike other media forms. These, and other postmodern influences, has made it the most successful form of media that makes it the heart of multimedia.

Historical Report on Race Essay

A life that we thought was best for us and our kids to grow up in. We produced our own food, shelter and weapons and provided for ourselves in the most natural way possible. It wasn’t always easy though, and others seen more value out of our land and resources than us. I was forced off my land and had to adapt to the new peoples way of life. That in which they called a white society; this society created many acts in my life time in order to weaken our society such as those of the Allotment Act and the Reorganization Act (Schaefer, p. 47, 2012). People of my cultural lived on reservations, we had learned to separate ourselves and adopt our own way of life and government. Native Americans had created their own nation and it caused and has caused a lot of tension between us and the U. S. culture. As a Native American, we were all about live the traditional way of life. There was value to our land and the resources that we used and the white people wanted and did take it from us. It seemed as if we were constantly at war with the white people so that we could protect what we thought was rightfully ours. They had created an act known as the Indian Removal Act, which was passed in 1830 (Schaefer, p. 150, 2012). This opened more land for settlement and allowed people to come in and take over our reservations (Schaefer, p. 150, 2012). In 1946, Congress had created the Indian Claims Commission (Schaefer, p. 150, 2012). This was a good thing for us, or so we thought. It meant that finally our voice was going to be heard. There were three members apart of the commission, and they were given a five year deadline, but there kept getting extension after extension, until; in 1978 the whole thing was abolished (Schaefer p. 155, 2012). At times, it seemed as if maybe the government was trying to help us, that or they were trying to use us. In 1952, the BIA began programs, so that they could relocate young Native Americans to Urban areas and by 1962 they had created what was called the Employment Assistance program; also known as the EAP (Schaefer, p 157, 2012). Basically there primary goal was to relocate us by offering us better jobs opportunities that, that of the reservation could not offer. But this plan had soon backfired on them. By 1965, one-fourth to one third of the people in the EAP had returned home to their reservations (Schaefer p. 157, 2012). Today, most of our land has been taken from us and no longer exist. Native Americans themselves are not being treated as badly as we were back then, but it’s the culture and our name that continues to be insulted. Schools have such a thing as mascots, and they create names for them. They use those such as the â€Å"Braves† or â€Å"Redskins. † Those names have a meaning to the Native American culture, it tends to bring up the past for us, and though there intentions may not be that of insulting us, some of us don’t like it too much. It hasn’t always been easy for us, and at times I wanted to give up. But everything seems to turn out for the better. I’ve learned that every culture and person has their own way of living and when someone sees a greater value of that person’s living then they have to have it. Things don’t always have to be that way; people can come up with their own greater value of living. Remember, you don’t always have to have someone else’s greater value to have a greater value of your own. Make an even better living for yourself than trying to take someone else’s. I hope you learned well from this letter and I wish you the best. Your Friend! Resources: Schaefer, R. T. (2012). Racial and Ethnic Groups (13th ed. ). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.

Quantitative Marketing Research

Quantitative marketing research is the application of quantitative research techniques to the field of marketing. It has roots in both the positivist view of the world, and the modern marketing viewpoint that marketing is an interactive process in which both the buyer and seller reach a satisfying agreement on the â€Å"four Ps† of marketing: Product, Price, Place (location) and Promotion. As a social research method, it typically involves the construction of questionnaires and scales. People who respond (respondents) are asked to complete the survey.Marketers use the information so obtained to understand the needs of individuals in the marketplace, and to create strategies and marketing plans. Contents [hide] †¢1 Scope and requirements †¢2 Typical general procedure †¢3 Statistical analysis o3. 1 Reliability and validity o3. 2 Types of errors †¢4 See also †¢5 List of related topics †¢6 References [edit] Scope and requirements This section is empty . You can help by adding to it. (July 2010) [edit] Typical general procedure Simply, there are five major and important steps involved in the research process: 1. Defining the Problem. 2.Research Design. 3. Data Collection. 4. Analysis. 5. Report Writing & presentation. A brief discussion on these steps is: 1. Problem audit and problem definition – What is the problem? What are the various aspects of the problem? What information is needed? 2. Conceptualization and operationalization – How exactly do we define the concepts involved? How do we translate these concepts into observable and measurable behaviours? 3. Hypothesis specification – What claim(s) do we want to test? 4. Research design specification – What type of methodology to use? – examples: questionnaire, survey 5.Question specification – What questions to ask? In what order? 6. Scale specification – How will preferences be rated? 7. Sampling design specification – Wh at is the total population? What sample size is necessary for this population? What sampling method to use? – examples: Probability Sampling:- (cluster sampling, stratified sampling, simple random sampling, multistage sampling, systematic sampling) & Nonprobability sampling:- (Convenience Sampling,Judgement Sampling, Purposive Sampling, Quota Sampling, Snowball Sampling, etc. ) 8. Data collection – Use mail, telephone, internet, mall intercepts 9.Codification and re-specification – Make adjustments to the raw data so it is compatible with statistical techniques and with the objectives of the research – examples: assigning numbers, consistency checks, substitutions, deletions, weighting, dummy variables, scale transformations, scale standardization 10. Statistical analysis – Perform various descriptive and inferential techniques (see below) on the raw data. Make inferences from the sample to the whole population. Test the results for statistical sig nificance. 11. Interpret and integrate findings – What do the results mean? What conclusions can be drawn?How do these findings relate to similar research? 12. Write the research report – Report usually has headings such as: 1) executive summary; 2) objectives; 3) methodology; 4) main findings; 5) detailed charts and diagrams. Present the report to the client in a 10 minute presentation. Be prepared for questions. The design step may involve a pilot study to in order to discover any hidden issues. The codification and analysis steps are typically performed by computer, using statistical software. The data collection steps, can in some instances be automated, but often require significant manpower to undertake.Interpretation is a skill mastered only by experience. [edit] Statistical analysis The data acquired for quantitative marketing research can be analysed by almost any of the range of techniques of statistical analysis, which can be broadly divided into descriptive statistics and statistical inference. An important set of techniques is that related to statistical surveys. In any instance, an appropriate type of statistical analysis should take account of the various types of error that may arise, as outlined below. [edit] Reliability and validity Research should be tested for reliability, generalizability, and validity.Generalizability is the ability to make inferences from a sample to the population. Reliability is the extent to which a measure will produce consistent results. †¢Test-retest reliability checks how similar the results are if the research is repeated under similar circumstances. Stability over repeated measures is assessed with the Pearson coefficient. †¢Alternative forms reliability checks how similar the results are if the research is repeated using different forms. †¢Internal consistency reliability checks how well the individual measures included in the research are converted into a composite measure.Internal consistency may be assessed by correlating performance on two halves of a test (split-half reliability). The value of the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient is adjusted with the Spearman–Brown prediction formula to correspond to the correlation between two full-length tests. A commonly used measure is Cronbach's ? , which is equivalent to the mean of all possible split-half coefficients. Reliability may be improved by increasing the sample size. Validity asks whether the research measured what it intended to. Content validation (also called face validity) checks how well the content of the research are related to the variables to be studied; it seeks to answer whether the research questions are representative of the variables being researched. It is a demonstration that the items of a test are drawn from the domain being measured. †¢Criterion validation checks how meaningful the research criteria are relative to other possible criteria. When the criterion is collected later the goal is to establish predictive validity. †¢Construct validation checks what underlying construct is being measured.There are three variants of construct validity: convergent validity (how well the research relates to other measures of the same construct), discriminant validity (how poorly the research relates to measures of opposing constructs), and nomological validity (how well the research relates to other variables as required by theory). †¢Internal validation, used primarily in experimental research designs, checks the relation between the dependent and independent variables (i. e. Did the experimental manipulation of the independent variable actually cause the observed results? †¢External validation checks whether the experimental results can be generalized. Validity implies reliability: A valid measure must be reliable. Reliability does not necessarily imply validity, however: A reliable measure does not imply that it is valid. [edit] Type s of errors Random sampling errors: †¢sample too small †¢sample not representative †¢inappropriate sampling method used †¢random errors Research design errors: †¢bias introduced †¢measurement error †¢data analysis error †¢sampling frame error †¢population definition error †¢scaling error †¢question construction error Interviewer errors: †¢recording errors cheating errors †¢questioning errors †¢respondent selection error Respondent errors: †¢non-response error †¢inability error †¢falsification error Hypothesis errors: †¢type I error (also called alpha error) othe study results lead to the rejection of the null hypothesis even though it is actually true †¢type II error (also called beta error) othe study results lead to the acceptance (non-rejection) of the null hypothesis even though it is actually false [edit] See also †¢Choice Modelling †¢Quantitative research †¢Qualitative research †¢Enterprise Feedback Management †¢Marketing research †¢mTAB †¢QuestionPro †¢Qualtrics Computer-assisted telephone interviewing †¢Computer-assisted personal interviewing †¢Automated computer telephone interviewing †¢Official statistics †¢Bureau of Labor Statistics †¢Questionnaires †¢Questionnaire construction †¢Paid survey †¢Data Mining †¢Brand strength analysis †¢NIPO Software †¢DIY research †¢SPSS †¢Online panel †¢Rating scale †¢Master of Marketing Research †¢Maximum Difference Preference Scaling †¢Urtak [edit] List of related topics †¢List of marketing topics †¢List of management topics †¢List of economics topics †¢List of finance topics †¢List of accounting topics [edit] References †¢Bradburn, Norman M. nd Seymour Sudman. Polls and Surveys: Understanding What They Tell Us (1988) †¢Converse, Jean M. Survey Research in the Unite d States: Roots and Emergence 1890-1960 (1987), the standard history †¢Glynn, Carroll J. , Susan Herbst, Garrett J. O'Keefe, and Robert Y. Shapiro. Public Opinion (1999) textbook †¢Oskamp, Stuart and P. Wesley Schultz; Attitudes and Opinions (2004) †¢James G. Webster, Patricia F. Phalen, Lawrence W. Lichty; Ratings Analysis: The Theory and Practice of Audience Research Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2000 †¢Young, Michael L. Dictionary of Polling: The Language of Contemporary Opinion Research (1992)

Modeling Product Line Variants

CNC &CSEE – 2013 Complete Program Schedule Registration-8. 00AM— 8. 30AM Date:22-Feb-2013 Hall I Session 1 Time: 8. 30AM – 11. 15 AM Chair 1: Dr. Janahanlal Stephen ( Ilahia Chair 2: Dr. Yogesh Chaba ( Guru College of Engg & Tech, India) Jambheshwar University of Sc. & Tech. India) Paper ID Title Registered Author CNC2013 ­Ã‚  27  F On ­line  Power  System  Static  Security   Sunitha  R Assessment  in  a  Distributed  Computing  Frame Work CNC2013 ­Ã‚  30  F Multiple  Automatic  Design  Vector  Generation  for   Selva  Kumar  R   Efficient  Systolic  Architecture  using  NICCNC2013 ­Ã‚  32  F A  Rough  Set  Based  Feature  Selection  Algorithm   S  Ã‚  Muthurajkumar for  Effective  Intrusion  Detection  in  Cloud  Model CNC2013 ­39  F Sub ­feature  Selection  with  Privacy  in Hemanta  Kumar Decentralized  Network  based  on  Fuzzy Bhuyan Environment CNC2013- 54 F Active  Inductor  based  Tunable  VCO  for  UMTS,    J. Manjula CDMA  2000,  EDGE,  Flash  OFDM  and  802. 15. 4 Applications CNC2013 ­Ã‚  56  F An  Efficient  Design  Approach  for  Low  Leakage  &   Shweta  Singh   High  Performance  MTCMOS  Circuit;  with  NBTI Aware  Analysis CNC2013 ­Ã‚  61  F A  Novel  Fingerprint  Indexing  Technique  based   N  Ã‚  Poonguzhali n  Level ­1  and  Level ­Ã‚  2  Features CNC2013 ­Ã‚  68  F A  Review  on  Security  in  Vehicular  Network Bhagyashree Gadekar  (Dharaskar) CNC2013 ­Ã‚  72  F Personal  Authentication  based  on  Angular   K. Usha Geometric  Analysis  using  Finger  Back  Knuckle Surface CNC2013 ­Ã‚  76  F A  New  Trust  Management  Mechanism  for   A  Sudhir  Babu Improving  the  Performance  of  DSR  Protocol CNC2013- 85 F Framework of an Automata Capable of Modeling Arpit Reversibility along-with Concurrency and Probabilistic Environment CNC2013-534 F Computational Solution of First Order Linear Elayaraja AruchunanFredholm Integro-Differential Equations by QuarterSweep Successive Over Relaxation Method Tea Break 11. 15AM – 11. 30 AM Official Inauguration -11. 30AM—12. 00 PM Key Note-12. 00 PM—12. 45 PM Photo Session-12. 45 PM — 1. 00 PM Lunch Break- 1. 00 PM—2. 00 PM Date:22-Feb-2013 Hall I Chair 1: Dr. Janahanlal Stephen ( Ilahia College of Engg & Tech, India) Session 2 Time: 2. 00 PM – 4. 00 PM Chair 2: Dr. Deshmukh Ratnadeep (Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, India ) Paper ID Title Registered Author CNC2013-535 F Efficient  computer  aided  system  based  on   B. Sridhar athematical  morphology  and  higher  order partial  differential  equations  for  breast  cancer detection CNC2013 ­544  F Fuzzy  Based  Node  Disjoint  QoS  Routingà ‚  in   Vijayashree  Budyal MANETs  by  Using  Agents CNC2013-546 F Trust Assessment Policy Manager in Cloud Ajay Basil Varghese Computing CNC2013-556 F An  Analysis  of  Linear  and  Non ­linear  Controller   A. Rameshkumar on  Quasi ­Resonant  Buck  Converter CNC2013-558 F Prefiltering Approach to the Non-Blind Beamforming Swapnil M. Hirikude Algorithm for Smart Antenna CNC2013 ­Ã‚  34  S A  Gaussian  Plume ­based  Population  Exposure   Manish  VermaApproach  to  Railroad  Transportation  of Hazardous  Materials CNC2013 ­Ã‚  44  S Artificial  Neural  Network  Based  Learning  in   Mithra  Venkatesan Cognitive  Radio CNC2013 ­Ã‚  50  S Speech  Recognition  using  Hidden  Markov  Model Varsha  N  Degaonkar CNC2013 ­525  S Optimization  of  Inter ­satellite  Link  (ISL)  in   Amandeep  Kaur Hybrid  OFDM ­IsOWC  Transmission  System Tea Break 4. 00 PM â€⠀œ 4. 15 PM Date:22-Feb-2013 Hall I Session 3 Time: 4. 15 PM – 5. 45 PM Chair 1: Dr. Yogesh Chaba ( Guru Chair 2: Dr. Deshmukh Ratnadeep Jambheshwar University of Sc. & Tech. (Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada India) University, India ) Paper IDTitle Registered Author CSEE2013- 10 F Classification of Devnagari Handwritten Characters Dinesh V. Rojatkar using Single Hidden Layer Neural Network with Mixed Activation Function CSEE2013- 15 F Fuzzy Logic Controller with Maximum Power Point Arulmurugan R Tracking Using Creative Design of DC to DC Buck Converter for Photovoltaic Power System CSEE2013-519 F Power  Gating  Approach  for  Design  of  45nm  Low   Chhavi Saxena Ground  Bounce  Noise  Carry  Look  Ahead  Adder Circuit CSEE2013- 8 S An Optimization Approach for Power Factor S. Neelima Correction and Capacitor Placement in a Distribution SystemCSEE2013- 502 S Wireless  Sensor  Network  (WSN)  Using  Particle   Shekh  Md Swarm  Opti mization Mahmudul  Islam CSEE2013- 521 S Simulation and Design of SRF Based Control Gnanaprakasam D CSEE2013- 14 P CSEE2013-520 P Algorithm for Three Phase Shunt Active Power Filter Effect of Energy storage Devices in Hydrothermal Power Systems by Using Various Controllers Fuzzy Controlled Shunt Active Power Filter for Line Harmonic Mitigation B. Partheeban Durgalakshmi. K Date: 23-Feb-2013 Hall I Chair 1: Dr. Janahanlal Stephen ( Ilahia College of Engg & Tech, India) Paper ID CNC2013 ­Ã‚  65  F CNC2013- 11 S CNC2013 ­Ã‚  22  SCNC2013 ­Ã‚  33  S CNC2013 ­Ã‚  55  S CNC2013 ­Ã‚  57  S CNC2013 ­59  S CNC2013 ­Ã‚  64  S CNC2013- 71 S CNC2013 ­Ã‚  82  S CNC2013 ­Ã‚  87  S Session 4 Time: 9. 00 AM – 11. 00 AM Chair 2: Dr. Deshmukh Ratnadeep (Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, India ) Title Registered Author K ­phase  Erlang  Distribution  method  in  Cloud Ayush  Agarwal Computing A Framework for Evaluating Web Service based on B Taslina Threat Patterns Integration  of  Customizable  Wireless  Sensor A  Ã‚  Lakshmi Node  with  Cascade  Control  System Sangeetha A  Meta ­Heuristic  Approach  to  Rail ­Truck Manish  Verma Intermodal  Transportation  of  Hazardous MaterialsWeMDAG:  Web  Sequential  Pattern  Mining  using   Srikantaiah  K  C Directed  Acyclic  Graph A  Semantic  Web  Approach  to  Verifying  Product Sheikh  Md. Alam Line  Variant  Requirements Hossain Privacy  for  Feature  Selection  in  Distributed  Data   Hemanta  Kumar   Mining  using  Knowledge  based  Data  Support Bhuyan An  Effective  Resource  Allocation  Scheme  in M  Ã‚  Prasad Relay  Enhanced  LTE ­A J. Sengathir Selfish  Aware  Mathematical  Model  Based  On Conditional  Reliability  Expectation  Coefficient A  Unified  Architecture  for  Surfacing  the G  Ã‚  Pavai Contents   of  Deep  Web  Databases Multi ­Objective  Clustering  Using  Artificial  BeeSeyed  Saleh Colony Rastkhadiv Tea Break 11. 00 AM – 11. 15 AM Date: 23-Feb-2013 Hall I Session 5 Time: 11. 15AM – 1. 00PM Chair 1: Dr. Janahanlal Stephen ( Ilahia Chair 2: Dr. Yogesh Chaba ( Guru College of Engg & Tech, India) Jambheshwar University of Sc. & Tech. India) Paper ID Title Registered Author CNC2013-514 S P Asha Mining  Interesting  Association  Rules  with  a Heterogeneous  Environment CNC2013-516 S Multilevel Cryptography Scheduler Chaitali Chandankhede CNC2013 ­529  S A  Review  of  Matrix  Converter  and  Novel  Control   K  V  Kandasamy Method  of  DC ­AC  Matrix  ConverteCNC2013 ­549  S Impact  of  Fin  Dimensions  and  Gate  Dielectric   Kiran  Bailey Thickness  on  the  Static  Power  Dissipation  of  6T ­ FinFET  SRAM  cell Reconfigurable  Supercell  Design  f or  Pseudo Inverse  Module  using  Xilinx  System  Generator CNC2013 ­37  P Comparative  study  of  Effects  of  delay  in  Load Balancing  scheme  for  highly  load  variant Interactive  Applications CNC2013 ­Ã‚  51  P A  Novel  Approach  For  De ­Noising  CT  Images CNC2013  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  52  P Highly  Parallel  Pipelined  VLSI  Ã‚  Implementation   of  Lifting  Based  2D  Discrete  Wavelet  Transform CNC2013 ­Ã‚  63  P Enhancing  the  security  framework  in  cloud C infrastructureCNC2013 ­511  P Challenging  Issues  in  Inter ­Satellite  Optical   Wireless  Systems  (IsOWC)  and  its  Mitigation Techniques CNC2013 ­513  P Policy  Driven  Dynamic  LUN  space  optimization   Based  on  the  Utilization CNC2013 ­515  P Challenging  Issues  in  VANET  Network  and  its   Routing  Algorithms ­An  Analysis CNC2013-562 S Shirly Edward. A Sampada  S Kalmankar Mredhula  Ã‚  L Jayaraj  U  Kidav Kiran  S Aparna  B  Bhat Amandeep  Kaur Taranisen  Mohanta Shashi  Kant Lunch Break 1. 00 PM – 2. 00 PM Date: 23-Feb-2013 Hall II Chair 1: Dr. Yogesh Chaba ( Guru Jambheshwar University of Sc. & Tech. India) Paper IDCNC2013-526 P CNC2013 ­532  P CNC2013 ­540  P CNC2013-545 P CNC2013-574 P CNC2013-576 P CNC2013 ­582  P CNC2013-560 T CNC2013 ­563  T CNC2013-577 T Session 6 Time: 2. 00PM – 3. 45PM Chair 2: Dr. Deshmukh Ratnadeep (Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, India ) Title Registered Author Information Extraction in Knowledge Grid based on Praveen Desai Algebraic Approach using Software Agents An  Analytical  Approach  To  Analyze  The  Impact   Usha  G   Of  Gray  Hole  Attacks  In  Manet A  Comparative  Study  of  Different  Load Pooja  Gandodhar Balancing  Techniques  for  heterogeneous  nodes P. V. MuralidharSpectral  Analysis  Of  Shadow  Ã‚  Window ­FIR Filters An Integrated Framework for IT Infrastructure V. R. Elangovan Management by Work Flow Management using Hierarchical Tree Structure Evaluate  Combined  Sobel ­Canny  Edge  Detector   Luma Salal Hasan for  Image  Procssing A  Secure  Software  Engineering  Perspective Arun  Mishra Agent Based Aggregation of Cloud Services- A Sreedevi R. Research Agenda Nagarmunoli How  Unstable  is  an  Unstable  System  ? Garimella  Rama Murthy Service Selection using Non-Functional Properties K. Ponmozhi in MANETs Tea Break- 3. 45 PM—4. 00 PM Closing Ceremony 4. 00 PM – 4. 30 PM

Absenteeism In The Workplace

Absenteeism In The Workplace â€Å"The term absenteeism means the deliberate or habitual absence of an employee from work place.† It create a big problem in an organisation when employees misses too many days off from work and in these situations other employees have to cover their work who are off from work and the work simply does not get gone in a well manner. The company must find out that the absence is involuntarily or voluntarily because involuntarily means any kind of illness or any unavoidable reason by which the employee is unable to come on work. Voluntarily means when an employee is absent from work without any reason manager need to worry about this kind of absence of employee need to get any documentation. Some time the absence may be excessive in this case manager should compare the employee’s attendance record with the other employees if the record of one employee is bad then the other means he was too many days off from work then it may be excessive absenteeism. So the manager sho uld discuss all the matter to the employees very friendly to improve the performance of the company the employees must aware of this thing that their absence is affecting others. Manager should give a written notice to the employee who is absent too many days from the work to warn him/her Basically absenteeism occurs when an employee of any organisation does not come to work due to several intentional or unintentional reasons like illness, injury, or any other habitual reason. Absenteeism affects the business in the terms of lost productivity. According to U.S. bureau of the census and U.S. bureau of labour statistic up the direct losses about $40 billion a year and social security administration determined that, annually workers missed more then half a billion days. http://www.enotes.com/biz-encyclopedia/absenteeism Types of absence There are many reasons why people off from work. Some those can be categorised as: Short-range sickness absence (uncertificated, self-certificated, or covered by a doctor’s ‘fit note’ which replaced the ‘sick note’ from April 2010) Long-standing sickness absence Unofficial absence or persistent lateness Other absences: for example, annual leave; maternity, paternity, adoption, or parental leave; time off for public or trade union duties, or to care for dependents; compassionate leave; educational leave. How much does absenteeism cost your business? The workers which are absent from the work cost the business a lot and decrease the revenue of the business Especially unplanned absence from work cost a lots to business like casual sickness of employee casual absence can affect per day productivity of business. This is a common problem of organisations in every organisation employees have 5.4 unplanned absence in 1 day. According to Mercer, Absences,† the total cost of absence can equal as much as 36% of payroll (compared to 15.4% for health care coverage). Of that figure, 9% accounts for unplann ed absences. Planned absences, like vacations and holidays, average 26.6%. For a midsize business, this unplanned absence can account for as much as $4.5 million dollars per year. (http://www.super-solutions.com/CostofAbsenteeism.asp)